OF   THE 


American  Museum  of  Natural 

History. 


Vol.  VI,  Part  I. 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGY  OF  THE   YAKIMA  VALLEY. 


BY 


HARLAN  I.  SMITH. 


NEW  YORK: 

Published  by  Order  of  the  Trustees. 

June,   1910. 


,  „*c  jjuuiL^aea  in  u,  auiioS  Oi  i/CJt.vo  vO;'a  s  ji  about 
'600  pages  each,  issued  in  parts  at  irregular  intervals,  entitled  Anthropological  Papers 
of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  This  series  of  publication  aims  to 
give  the  results  of  field-work  conducted  by  the  above  department,  supplemented 
by  the  study  of  collections  in  the  Museum. 

The  following  are  on  sale  at  the  Museum  at  the  prices  stated: 

Vol.  I.  Part  I.       Technique  of  some  South  American  Feather-work.     J3y  Charles 

W.  Mead.     Pp.  1-lS,  Plates  I-IV,  and  14  text  figures.     Jan- 
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Part    II.       Some  Protective  Designs  of  the  Dakota.     By  Clark  Wissler. 

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Part  III.       Gros  Ventre  Myths  and  Tales.     By  A.  L.  Kroeber.     Pp.  55- 

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Part  IV.       Ethnology  of  the  Gros  Ventre.     By  A.  L.  Kroeber.     Pp.  141- 

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By    Walter    Channing    and    Clark    Wissler.       Pp.    283-350, 

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ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PAPERS 


OF   THE 


American  Museum  of  Natural 

History. 


Vol.  VI,  Part  I. 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGY  OF   THE   YAKIMA  VALLEY. 

BY 
HARLAN  I.  SMITH. 


NEW  YORK: 

Published  by  Order  of  the  Trustees. 

June,    1910. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PAPERS 


OF    THE 


American  Museuim  of  Natural  History 

Vol.  VI,  Part  I. 


THE  ARCHAEOLOGY  OF  THE  YAKIMA  VALLEY. 


By  Harlan  I.  Smith. 


Contents. 


Introduction 

Geographical  Description 

Archaeological  Sites     . 

Resources 

The  Securing  of  Food    . 

Points  Chipped  out  of  Stone 
'Points  Rubbed  out  of  Stone 

Points  Rubbed  out  of  Bone 

Bows 

Snares 

Notched  Sinkers 

Grooved  Sinkers 

Shell  Heaps 

Digging  Sticks    . 

Basketry    . 
Preparation  of  Food 

Mortars 

Pestles 

Rollers 

Fish  Knives 

Fire  Making 

Caches 

Boiling 
Habitations    . 

Semi-subterranean  House  Sites 

Circles  of  Stones  (Summer  House 
Tools  Used  by  Men 

Wedges      ..... 

Hammerstones 

Celts 


Sites) 


Page 
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9 
11 
21 
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26 
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58 
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Anthropological  Papers  American  Museiwi  of  Natural  History.     [\o\.   \I, 


Hand-Adze 

Whetstones 

Drills 

Scrapers     . 

AiTdW-shaft  Smoothers 
Tools  i'sed  by  Women    . 

Scrapers  Chipped  from  Stone 

Scrapers  Rubbed  from  Bone 

Awls  Rubbed  from  Bone    . 

Needles       .... 

Mat-Pressers 
Processes  of  Manufacture 
Life  Histories  of  Manufactured  Object 
War  .         . 

Inii)lements  used  in  Warfare 

Grooved  Pebbles,  Club-Heads,  or  Sinkers 

Stone  Clubs 

'Sla\e-Killers'   . 

War  Costume     . 

Fortifications 

Woimds     .... 
Dress  anb  Adornment   . 

Skins  .... 

Matting     .... 

Ornaments 

Combs        .... 

Beads         .... 

Rentaliuni  Shells 

Pendants 

Bracelets 

A  Costumed  Human  Figure 

Deformation 
Games,  Amusements,  and  Narcotics 

Games        .... 

Nari'Dlics 
Art  .         .         . 

Paintiiiiis 

Petro^ilyphs 

Jncised  Designs 

Notches      .... 

Circle  and  Dot  Designs 

Pecked  <  Irooves 

Animal  and  Human  I'diins 

Coast  Art 
Method  f)F  Bum ai. 

Burials  in  nmno  of  \  olcinic  A; 

Rock-slide  (!ra\es 

Cremation  Circles 

Position  of  tlie  Body 


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142 

142 


1910.] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


Property  with  the  Dead     ..... 

142 

Horse  Sacrifices          ...... 

143 

Diseases     ........ 

143 

Conclusion      ........ 

143 

Bibliography 

149 

Appendix 

152 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plates. 


I. 

II. 


III. 

IV. 
V. 

VI. 

VII. 

vin. 

IX. 

X. 

XL 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI. 


Chipped  Points.  Fig.  1  (Museum  No.  202-8333),  length  21  cm.;  Fig.  2 
(202-8338);   Fig.  3  (202-8334). 

Chipped  Points.  Fig.  1  (Museum  No.  202-8115),  length  3.8  cm.;  Fig.  2 
(202-8169  A) ;  Fig.  3  (202-8196  A) ;  Fig.  4  (202-8196  B) ;  Fig.  5  (202- 
8142) ;  Fig.  6  (202-8397) ;  Fig.  7  (202-8366) ;  Fig.  8  (202-8363) ;  Fig.  9 
(202-8368);  Fig.  10  (202-8361);  Fig.  11  (202-8359);  Fig.  12  (202-8222); 
Fig.  13  (202-8203):   Fig.  14  (202-8360). 

Quarry  near  Naches  River. 

House  Site  near  Naches  River. 

House  Sites  near  Naches  River. 

Camp  Sites  near  Sentinal  Bluffs. 

Fort  near  Rock  Creek. 

Rock-Slide  Grave  on  Yakima  Ridge. 

Terraced  Rock-Slide  on  Yakima  Ridge. 

Rock-Slide  Graves  on  Yakima  Ridge. 

Cremation  Circle  near  Mouth  of  Naches  River. 

Grave  in  Dome  of  Volcanic  Ash  near  Tampico. 

Opened  Grave  in  Dome  of  Volcanic  Ash  near  Tampico. 

Petroglyphs  near  Sentinal  Bluffs. 

Petroglyphs  in  Selah  Canon. 

Petroglyph  in  Selah  Canon. 

Petroglyph  near  Wallula  Junction. 

Pictographs  at  Mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek. 

Pictographs  at  Mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek. 

Pictographs  at  Mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek. 


Text  Figures. 


1. 
2. 

3. 
1. 
5. 
6. 

7. 


Chipped  Point  made  of  Chalcedony 

Chipped  Point  made  of  Chalcedony 

Chipped  Point  made  of  White  Chalcedony 

Serrated  Chipped  Point  made  of  Petrified  Wood 

Chipped  Point  made  of  Obsidian     . 

Fragment  of  a  leaf-shaped  Point  made  of  Chert 

Point  made  of  Bone         ..... 


Page. 
24 
25 
25 
25 
26 
26 
28 


Anthropological  Papers  American   Muneiun  of  Xalurul  History.    [\'ol.  \'l, 


8.  Point  made  of  Bone         ..... 

9.  Scorched  Point  made  of  Bone 

10.  Point  made  of  Bone         ..... 

1 1 .  Point  or  Bail)  made  of  Bone  .... 

12.  Point  or  Barb  made  of  Bone  .... 

13.  Net  Sinkers  made  of  Pebbles  .... 

14.  Sinker,  a  Grooved  Boulder  bearing  a  Design  in  Intaglio 

15.  Sinker,  a  Grooved  Boulder  bearing  a  Design  in  Intaglio 

16.  Sinker,  a  Perforated  Boulder  .         .         . 

17.  Fragment  of  Basket  of  Splint  Foundation  and  Bifurcated  Stitch 

18.  Fragment  of  a  Mortar  made  of  Stone 

19.  Mortar  made  of  Stone     ..... 

20.  Mortar  made  of  Stone 

21.  Pestle  made  of  Stone       ..... 

22.  Pestle  pecked  from  Stone         .... 

23.  Pestle  pecked  from  Stone        .... 

24.  Pestle  made  of  Stone       ..... 

25.  Pestle  made  of  Stone       ..... 

26.  Pestle  made  of  Stone 

27.  Pestle  made  of  Stone       ..... 

28.  Pestle  made  of  Stone 

29.  Pestle  made  of  Stone 

30.  Pestle  made  of  Sandstone         .... 

31.  Pestle  made  of  Stone       ..... 

32.  Pestle  made  of  Stone       ..... 

33.  Pestle  made  of  Stone 

34.  Pestle  made  of  Stone       ..... 

35.  Pestle  made  of  Steatite  .... 

36.  Pestle  or  Poller  made  of  Stone 

37.  Pestle  or  Roller  made  of  Stone 

38.  Fragment  of  Hearth  of  Fire  Drill    . 

39.  Wedge  made  of  Antler 

40.  Ilammerstone  ...... 

41.  Hammerstone  ...... 

42.  Hammerstone  made  of  a  Hard,  Waterworn  Pebble 

43.  Hammerstone  ...... 

44.  Hammerstone  made  of  a  Close-Grained  Yellow  Volcanic  Pebble 

45.  Celt  made  of  Serpentine  .... 

46.  Hand-Adze  made  of  Stone      .... 

47.  Point  for  a  Diill,  chipped  from  Chalcedony     . 

48.  Point  for  a  Drill,  chipped  from  Chert 

49.  Scraper  chij^ped  from  Petrified  Wood 

50.  Scraper  chipped  from  Agate 

51.  Scraper  chipped  from  Chalcedony   . 

52.  Scraper  chipped  from  Chalcedony    . 

53.  Scraper  chipjied  from  a  Flat  Circular  Pebble 

54.  Scraper  or  Knife  chipped  from  a  Pebble 

55.  Scraper  or  Knife  chipped  from  a  Pebble 

56.  Awl  made  of  Bone  .... 


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3S 

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6S 

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71 


1910.] 


Sntiih,   The   Yakima   ]' alley. 


57.  Awl  made  of  Bone 

58.  Spatulate  Object  made  of  Bone 
59a.     Object  made  of  Steatite,  probably  a  Mat  Presser.     b.  Part  of  Incised 

Pictograph  on  Object  shown  in  a 

GO.  Grooved  Pebble     . 

61.  Club-bead  or  Sinker  made  of  F/ava 

62.  Club  made  of  Serpentine 

63.  Club  Tnade  of  Serpentine 

64.  Club  made  of  Stone 

65.  Club  made  of  Stone 

66.  Club  made  of  Stone 

67.  Club  made  of  Stone 

68.  Club  made  of  Stone 

69.  War  Implement  or  Slave  Killer,  made  of  Friable  Stone 

70.  Diagram  of  Stitch  of  Fragment  of  Rush  Matting  . 
'71a.     Fragment  of  Matting,  made  of  Twined  Rush  stitched  together  with 

twisted  Cord,     b  Diagram  of  Stitch  of  a     . 

72.  Fragment  of  Open-Twine  Matting,  made  of  Rush 

73.  Comb  made  of  Antler     ..... 

74.  Beads  made  of  Copper,  Glass  and  Sections  of  Dantalium  Shells 

75.  Bead  made  of  Brass         ...... 

76.  Beads  made  of  Shell        ..... 

77.  Drilled  and  Perforated  Disk  made  of  Slate     . 

78.  Pendant  made  of  Copper,  Thong  and  Copper  Bead 

79.  Button  made  of  Shell  with  Attached  Bead  made  of  Metal 

80.  Perforated  Disk  made  of  Bone       .... 

81.  Pendants  made  of  Slate  ..... 

82.  Pendant  made  of  Copper 

83.  Pendant  made  of  Copper       ..... 

84.  Pendant  made  of  Brass  and  Bead  made  of  Copper 

85.  Pendant  made  of  Iron  ...... 

86.  Pendant  made  of  Iron  ...... 

87.  Pendant  or  Bead  made  of  an  Olivella  Shell   . 

88.  Pendant  made  of  {Pectunculus)  Shell     . 

89.  Pendant  made  of    Iridescent  Shell 

90.  Pendant  made  of  (Haliotis)  Shell  .... 

91.  Pendant  made  of  (Haliotis)  Shell  .... 

92.  Pendant  or  Nose  Ornament,  made  of  {Haliotis)  Shell 

93.  Pendant  made  of  Shell 

94.  Pendant  made  of  Oyster  Shell        .... 

95.  Bracelet  made  of  Copper        ..... 

96.  Bracelet  made  of  Iron   ...... 

97.  Bone  Tube 

98.  Bone  Tube  bearing  Incised  Lines,  Charred    . 

99.  Perforated  Cylinder  made  of  Steatite     . 

100.  Tubular  Pipe  made  of  Steatite       .... 

101.  Tubular  Pipe  made  of  Green  Stone  with  Stem 

102.  Pipe  made  of  Steatite  used  by  the  Thompson  River  Indians  at  Spences 

Bridge  in  1895 

103.  Form  of  the  Flange-Shaped  Mouth  of  the  Bowl  of  some  Thompson 

River  Indian  Pipes    . 


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109 


6 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xatural  Histonj.    \yo\.  \1, 


104.  Tulnilar  Pipe  made  of  Steatite 

105.  Fragment  of  a  Sculptured  Tubular  Pipe  made  of  Steatite 

106.  Pipe  made  of  Limestone        ...... 

107.  Pipe  made  of  Sandstone         ...... 

lOS.  Pipe  made  of  Bluestone         .         .  ... 

109.  Pipe  made  of  Stone       ....... 

110.  Pipe  made  of  Soft  Sandstone         ..... 

111.  Pipe  made  of  Steatite    ....... 

112.  Pipe  made  of  Soft  Sandstone         ..... 

113.  Pipe  made  of  Steatite  ...... 

114a.     Incised  Design  on  a  Fragment  of  a  Wooden  Bow.     b  Section  of 

ment  of  Bow  shown  in  a    . 

115.  Incised  Design  on  Bowl  of  Pipe  shown  in  Fig.  107 

116.  Incised  Design  on  Stone  Dish         ..... 

117.  Incised  Designs  on  Dentalium  Shells     .... 

118.  Incised  Designs  on  Dentalium  Shells     .... 

119.  Incised  Pendant  made  of  Steatite  with  Red  Paint  (Mercury) 

the  Holes  and  Lines  ...... 

120.  Circle  and  Dot  Design  on  Whetstone  made  of  Slate 

121.  Costumed  Human  Figure  made  of  Antler 

122.  Quill-fiattener  made  of  Antler       ..... 

123.  Fragments  of  a  Figure  ...... 

124.  Fragment  of  a  Sculpture  with  Hoof-like  Part 

125.  Sculptured  Animal  Form  made  of  Lava 

126.  Handle  of  Digging  Stick  made  of  Horn  of  Rocky  Mountain  Sheep 

127.  Pipe  made  of  Stone       ....... 

128.  Sculptured  and  Inlaid  Pipe  made  of  Steatite  with  Wooden  Stem 

129.  Sketch  Map  of  the  Yakima  Valley        .... 


Frag 


ui  some  o 


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152 


Introduction. 

The  following  pages  contain  the  results  of  archaeological  investigations 
carried  on  by  the  writer  for  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  from 
May  to  August,  1903/  in  the  Yakima  Valley  between  Clealum  of  the  forested 
eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  KenncAvick,  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Yakima  and  Snake  Rivers  in  the  treeless  arid  region,  and  in  the 
Columbia  Valley  in  the  vicinity  of  Priest  Rapids.  ^My  preliminary  notes 
on  the  archaeology  of  this  region  were  published  in  Science.-  Definite  age 
cannot  be  assigned  to  the  archaeological  finds,  since  here,  as  to  the  north, 
the  remains  are  found  at  no  great  depth  or  in  soil  the  surface  of  which  is 
frequently  shifted.  Some  of  the  graves  are  known  to  be  of  modern  IiTdians, 
but  many  of  them  antedate  the  advent  of  the  white  race  in  this  region  or  at 
least  contain  no  objects  of  European  manufacture,  such  as  glass  beads  or 
iron  knives.  On  the  other  hand,  there  was  found  no  positive  evidence  of 
the  great  antiquity  of  any  of  the  skeletons,  artifacts  or  structures  found  in 
the  area.  The  greater  ])art  of  the  area  was  formerly  inhabited  by  Sahap- 
tian  speaking  people,  including  the  Yakima,  Atanum,  Topinish,  Chamna- 
pum,  and  Wanapum,  while  the  northern  part  of  it  was  occupied  by  the 
Piskwans  or  Winatshmpui  of  the  Salish  linguistic  stock.^ 

Near  North  Yakima  we  examined  graves  in  the  rock-slides  along  the 
Yakima  and  Naches  Rivers;  a  site,  where  material,  possibly  boulders, 
suitable  for  chip})ed  implements  had  been  dug  and  broken  with  pebble 
hammers,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Naches  about  one  mile  above  its  mouth; 
pictographs  on  the  basaltic  columns  on  the  south  side  of  the  Naches  River 
to  the  west  of  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek;  petroglyphs  pecked  into  basaltic 
columns  in  Selah  Canon;  ancient  house  sites  on  the  north  side  of  the  Naches 
River  near  its  mouth,  and  on  the  north  side  of  the  Yakima  River  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Naches ;  remains  of  human  cremations,  each  surrounded  by  a 
circle  of  rocks  on  the  point  to  the  northwest  of  the  junction  of  the  Naches 

1  A  brief  report  of  the  operations  of  tliis  expedition  appeared  in  the  American  Museum 
Journal,  Vol.  IV,  No.  1,  pp.  12-14,  January,  1904.  It  was  slightly  revised  and  appeared  in 
Science  N.  S.  Vol.  XIX,  No.  484,  pp.  579-580,  April  8,  1904,  and  Records  of  the  Past,  Vol.  IV, 
Part  4,  pp.  119-127,  April  1905. 

2  N.  S_  Vol.  XXIII,  No.  588,  p.  .551-555,  April  6,  1906.  Reprinted  in  tlie  Seattle  Post 
Intelligencer  for  March,  1906,  the  Scientific  American  Supplement,  Vol.  LXII,  No.  1602,  Septem- 
ber 15,  1906,  and  in  the  Washington  Magazine,  Vol.  I,  No.  4,  June  1906.  Abstracted  in  the 
Bulletin  of  the  American  Geographical  Society,  May,  1906. 

3  Mooney,  Plate  i.xxxviii. 

7 


8  Aiithropoloyical  Papers  Autcricun   Museum   aj    .\ulurul  History.    [\'ol.  VI, 

and  Yakima  Uivers;  recent  rock-slide  graves  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Yakima  lliver  above  Union  Gaj)  below  Old  Yakima  (Old  Town);  the 
surface  along  the  eastern  side  of  the  Yakima  River,  as  far  as  the  vicinity  of 
Sunnyside;  graves  in  the  domes  of  volcanic  ash  in  the  Ahtanum  Valley  near 
Tampico;  and  rock-slide  graves  in  the  Cowiche  Valley. 

AVe  then  moved  our  base  about  thirty  miles  up  the  Yakima  River  to 
Ellensburg,  ^Nlr.  Albert  A.  Avgyle  examining  the  surface  along  the  western 
side,  en  route.  From  Ellensburg,  rock-slide  graves  and  human  remains, 
surrounded  by  circles  of  rocks,  as  well  as  a  village  site  ujjon  the  lowland, 
were  examined  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek.  A  day  spent  at  Clealum 
failed  to  develop  anything  of  archaeological  interest  in  that  vicinity,  except 
that  a  human  skeleton  had  been  removed  in  the  sinking  of  a  shaft  for  a 
coal  mine. 

From  EUenslnirg  we  went  to  Fort  Simcoe  by  way  of  North  Yakima  and 
near  the  Indian  Agency  observed  circles  of  rocks,  like  those  around  the 
cremafed  human  remains  near  North  Yakima,  and  a  circular  hole  sur- 
rounded by  a  ridge,  the  remains  of  an  undergroimd  house.  Crossing  the 
divide  from  Ellensburg  and  going  down  to  Priest  Rapids  in  the  Columbia 
Valley,  no  archaeological  remains  were  observed  except  chips  of  stone  suit- 
al)le  for  chipped  implements  which  were  found  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
divide  near  the  top  and  apparently  marked  the  place  where  material  for 
such  inii)lcments,  probably  float  quartz,  had  been  quarried.  On  the  west- 
ern side  of  the  Columbia,  on  the  flat  between  Sentinal  Bluffs  and  the  river 
at  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids,  considerable  material  Avas  found.  This  was 
on  the  surface  of  the  beach  opposite  the  bluffs  and  on  a  village  site  near  the 
head  of  Priest  Rapids.  Graves  in  the  rock-slides,  back  from  the  river  about 
opposite  this  site,  were  also  examined.  Some  modern  graves  were  noticed 
in  a  low  ridge  near  the  river,  a  short  distance  above  tlu'  village  site.  Crossing 
the  Columbia,  some  material  was  found  on  the  surface  of  the  l)each  and 
further  u]),  ])etroglyphs  pecked  in  the  basaltic  rocks  at  the  base  of  Sentinal 
Bluffs  were  i)hotograi)hed. 

The  writer  wishes  to  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  to  Mr.  1).  W.  Owen 
of  Kennewick  for  information,  for  permission  to  examine  his  colk-clion,  to 
make  notes  and  sketches  of  specimens  in  it,  and  for  presenting  certain  speci- 
mens; ^  to  Mr.  Frank  N.  ^NlcCandless  of  Tacoma  for  permission  to  study  and 
photograph  llie  specimens  -  in  his  collection  containing  ])art  of  the  ^'ork 
(ollcclion  in  the  Ferry  Museum,  City  Ilall,  Tacoma;  to  Mr.  Louis  ( ). 
Janeck  of  415  North  2nd.  St.,  North  Yakima  for  information  and  for  \)vv- 


>  See  Fig.s.  10,  39,  42,  56,  .57,  107  and  124. 
2  See  Figs.  35,  45,  79,  100  and  113. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  9 

mission  to  study  and  photograph  the  specimens  ^  in  his  collection  as  well  as 
for  supplementary  information  since  received  from  him;  to  Hon.  Austin 
IVIires.  of  EUensburg  for  information  and  permission  to  study  and  |)hoto- 
grapli  specimens-  in  his  collection;  to  Mrs.  O.  Hinman  of  EUensburg  for 
permission  to  photograph  specimens  ^  in  her  collection;  to  Mrs.  J.  B.  David- 
son of  EUensburg  for  information  and  permission  to  study  her  collection  and 
to  make  drawings  of  specimens  ^  in  it,  and  for  the  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  106; 
to  Mr.  W.  H.  Spalding  of  EUensburg  for  permission  to  i)hotograph  speci- 
mens '  in  his  collection;  to  Mrs.  Jay  Lynch  of  Fort  Simcoe,  for  information 
and  permission  to  photograph  specimens®  in  her  collection;  to  Mr.  W.  Z. 
York  of  Old  Yakima  for  permission  to  sketch  and  study  specimens  ^  in  his 
collection,  and  to  others  credited  specifically  in  the  following  pages.  The 
accompanying  drawings  are  by  Mr.  R.  Weber  and  the  photographs  are  by 
the  author,  unless  otherwise  credited. 


Geographical  Description. 

Clealum  is  situated  on  the  Yakima  River,  at  a  point  on  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railway,  122  miles  east  of  the  humid,  heavily  forested  coast  at  Puget 
Sound.  Although  situated  not  over  154  miles  from  Copalis,  on  the  ocean 
at  the  western  edge  or  furthest  limit  of  the  temperate  humid  coast  country, 
the  summers  are  hot  and  dry  and  the  winters  severe.  It  is  1909  feet  above 
the  sea  level  and  far  enough  towards  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
that  marks  the  line  between  the  humid  coast  and  the  arid  almost  treeless 
interior,  to  find  considerable  moisture  and  many  trees. 

EUensburg  is  situated  near  the  eastern  side  of  the  Yakima  River,  25  miles 
below  Clealum,  at  an  altitude  of  1512  feet  above  the  sea  level  and  in  the  wide 
somewhat  flat  Kittitas  Valley  which  was,  in  former  geologic  times,  a  lake 
bottom.  The  river  flows  rapidly  and  its  low  banks  at  places  are  high  enough 
to  form  gravel  bluffs.  The  surrounding  country  is  arid  and  there  is  no 
natural  forest  growth. 

Cherry  Creek,  one  of  a  number  of  small  streams  on  this  side  of  the  river, 
flow^s  through  the  eastern  part  of  this  valley,  and  cm])ties  into  the  Yakima 


1  See  Figs.  19,  20,  27,  28,  31,  33,  34,  46,  58,  60,  61,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67,  69,  81,  108,  109,  120 
and  125. 

-  See  Figs.  4,  5,  14.  15,  16,  24,  25,  32  and  44. 

3  See  Figs.  30,  36  and  116. 

*  See  Figs.  8,  47  and  106;   see  also  p.  25. 

5  See  Figs.  11  and  59. 

6  See  Figs.  73,  119,  127  and  128. 

7  See  Figs.  26,  29,  104,  110,  111  and  112. 


10  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xatural  History.       [\'ol.  \'I, 

River  ahoiil  one  mile  helow  Thnill  on  Section  ol,  Town  17,  North  of  Range 
19  East.  Here,  tlic  river  enters  Yakima  Canon  which  cuts  through  Ump- 
tanum  Ridge  and  the  western  foothills  of  Saddle  Mountains.  There  are 
some  pines  in  this  canon. 

Selah  Creek  flows  through  Selah  Canon  from  the  east  and  empties  into 
the  Yakima,  about  one  mile  above  Selah  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Section 
16,  Town  14,  north  of  Range  19  East.  This  is  in  a  broad  valley  below 
Yakima  Canon.  At  the  time  of  our  visit,  however,  the  lower  portion  of 
this  creek  was  dry.  Wenas  Creek  empties  into  the  Yakima  from  the  west, 
nearly  opposite  Selah. 

North  Yakima  is  on  the  western  side  of  the  Yakima  River,  about  two 
miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Naches,  which  empties  into  the  Yakima  from 
the  west,  immediately  below  where  the  latter  breaks  through  Yakima  Ridge. 
This  break  is  called  the  Gap  or  the  Upper  Gap.  North  Yakima  is  at  an 
altitude  of  1007  feet  al)ove  the  sea  level.  The  soil  of  the  valley  is  made  up  of 
a  rich  volcanic  ash  and  the  region  is  arid  and  jiractically  treeless  except  on 
the  banks  of  the  rivers  and  creeks  or  where  irrigation  has  been  successfully 
practised.  The  climate  in  most  respects  resembles  that  of  the  southern 
interior  of  British  Columbia,  lying  to  the  north,  but  in  general,  there  is  less 
vegetation  except  on  irrigated  land. 

Cowiche  Creek  flows  from  the  southwest  and  empties  into  the  south  side 
of  the  Naches,  at  a  point  about  three  miles  above  its  mouth. 

Tampico  is  situated  on  Section  17,  Town  12,  north  of  Range  16  East, 
on  the  north  side  of  Ahtaninn  Creek,  which  flows  nearly  east  along  the  base 
of  the  north  side  of  Rattlesnake  Range  and  empties  into  the  Yakima  at 
Union  Gap  or  Lower  Gap,  below  Old  Yakima. 

Fort  Simcoe  is  located  in  a  cluster  of  live  oak  trees,  on  one  of  the  branches 
of  Simcoe  Creek,  which  flows  in  an  easterly  direction  and  empties  into  the 
Toppenish  River,  a  western  feeder  of  the  ^'akima.  This  place  is  at  an 
altitude  of  937  feet  above  the  sea  level  and  is  surrounded  by  'scab'  land. 
Going  west  from  Fort  Simcoe,  up  the  sk)i)es  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  a 
mile  or  so,  one  notices  timber  in  \\\r  valleys,  and  as  one  proceeds  still  further 
up  the  mountains,  the  timber  hcHonies  thicker  and  of  greater  size.  This  is 
the  beginning  of  the  forest,  which  at  the  west  side  of  the  Cascades  becomes 
so  remarkably  dense.  'I'o  the  east  of  Fort  Simcoe,  however,  no  trees  are 
seen,  excc|)I  in  ihc  lioiioms  along  llic  >li'caiiis,  while  on  ihc  lower  reaches  of 
the  Yakima  and  on  llic  i)anks  of  the  ('oininhia,  cast  of  here,  there  are 
absolutely  no  trees. 

Kenncw  ick  is  located  on  the  western  side  of  the  Columbia  River  about 
six  nn'Ics  below  the  month  of  the  \akiina.  It  is  opposiic  Pasco,  which  is 
about  three  miles  above  the  inoiilh  of  Snake  l\i\cr.      The  place  is  oidy  866 


1910.]  Smith,   The  Yakima  Valley.  11 

feet  above  the  sea  level  and  except  where  irrigation  has  been  practised,  there 
are  no  trees  in  sight,  the  vegetation  being  that  typical  of  the  desert  among 
which  are  sagebrush,  grease-wood  and  cactus.  Lewis  and  Clark,  when 
here  on  their  way  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  October  17,  1805,^  saw  the  Indians 
drying  salmon  on  scaffolds  for  food  and  fuel.  Captain  Clark  said,  "I  do 
not  think  [it]  at  all  improbable  that  those  people  make  use  of  Dried  fish  as 
fuel.  The  number  of  dead  Salmon  on  the  Shores  &  floating  in  the  river 
is  incrediable  to  say  *  *  *  liow  far  they  have  to  raft  their  timber  they  make 
their  scaffolds  of  I  could  not  learn;  but  there  is  no  timber  of  any  sort  except 
Small  willow  bushes  in  sight  in  any  direction." 

Sentinal  Bluffs  is  the  name  given  to  both  sides  of  the  gap  where  the 
Columbia  River  breaks  through  Saddle  Mountains.  It  is  a  short  distance 
above  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.  Crab  Creek  empties  into  the  Columbia 
from  the  east  on  the  north  side  of  these  mountains.  On  the  western  side  of 
the  river,  between  the  Bluffs  and  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids,  there  is  a  flat 
place  of  considerable  area,  portions  of  which  the  Columbia  floods  during 
the  winter.  Going  northwest  from  here  to  Ellensburg,  the  trail  leads  up  a 
small  valley  in  which  are  several  springs  surrounded  by  some  small  trees. 
One  ascends  about  2000  feet  to  the  top  of  the  divide  and  then  descends  per- 
haps 1000  feet  into  the  Kittitas  Valley. 


Archaeological  Sites. 

At  Clealum,  we  found  no  archaeological  remains,  except  a  single  human 
skeleton  unearthed  in  the  sinking  of  a  shaft  for  a  coal  mine.  Here,  however, 
our  examination  of  the  vicinity  was  limited  to  one  day,  and  it  is  possible 
that  a  more  thorough  search  might  bring  to  light  archaeological  sites.  Speci- 
mens from  the  vicinity  of  Clealum  are  unknown  to  the  writer,  although  there 
are  a  number  of  collections  from  the  vicinity  of  Ellensburg,  Priest  Rapids, 
Kennewick  and  other  places  lower  down.  The  abundance  of  specimens  on 
the  surface  near  Priest  Rapids  and  Kennewick  in  proportion  to  those  found 
near  North  Yakima  and  Ellensburg,  suggests  that  the  high  parts  of  the  valley 
were  less  densely  inhabited  and  that  the  movuitains  were  perhaps  only  occa- 
sionally visited.  It  would  seem  possible  that  the  prehistoric  people  of  the 
Yakima  Valley  had  their  permanent  homes  on  the  Columbia,  and  possibly 
in  the  lower  parts  of  the  Yakima  region.  This  is  indicated  by  the  remains 
of  underground  houses,  some  of  which  are  as  far  uj)  as  Ellensburg.  These 
remains  are  similar  to  those  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region,  where  such 

1    Lewis  and  Clark,  III,  p.  124. 


12  Anlhiopological  Papers  American   Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

houses  were  inhabited  in  the  winter.  The  people  of  the  Yakima  area  prob- 
ably seldom  went  up  to  the  higher  valleys  and  the  mountains,  exeept  on 
hunting  expeditions  or  to  gather  berries,  roots  and  wood  for  their  seaffolds, 
eanoes  and  other  manufactures.  If  this  be  correct,  it  would  account  for  the 
.scarcity  of  specimens  upon  the  surface  along  the  higher  streams,  since  all 
the  hunting  y)arties,  berry,  root  and  wood-gathering  expeditions  were  not 
likely  to  leave  behind  them  so  much  material  as  would  be  lost  or  discarded 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  permanent  villages.  Spinden  states  ^  that  in  the  Nez 
Perce  region  to  th(>  east  of  the  Yakima  cotmtry,  permanent  villages  were 
not  built  ill  the  u[dands,  although  in  a  few  ])laces  where  camas  and  kouse 
were  abundant,  temporary  sinnmer  camps  were  constructed. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Ellensburg,  we  found  no  archaeological  specimens 
except  the  chi])])ed  ])oint  mentioned  on  page  103,  but  this  may  be  due  in 
part  to  the  modern  cultivation  of  the  soil  and  to  the  fact  that  the  irrigated 
crops,  such  as  are  grown  here,  hide  so  nuich  of  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
A  search  along  portions  of  the  level  country  west  of  the  town  and  even  in 
such  places  as  those  where  the  river  cuts  the  bank,  failed  to  reveal  signs  of 
house  or  village  sites.  In  Ellensburg,  I  saw  a  summer  lodge,  made  up  of  a 
conical  framework  of  poles  covered  with  cloth  and  inhabited  by  an  old  blind 
Indian  and  his  wife.  East  of  the  city,  near  the  little  stream  below  the  City 
Reservoir  A\-as  another  summer  lodge  made  similarly,  but  among  the  cover- 
ing cloths  was  some  matting  of  native  manufacture.  The  remains  of  an 
undergrountl  house,  possibly  30  feet  in  diameter  were  seen  to  the  east  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railway,  between  Ellensburg  and  Thrall. 

On  the  little  bottom  land  along  the  western  side  of  Cherry  Creek,  near 
its  mouth,  at  the  upi)er  end  of  Yakiiua  Canon,  we  found  objects  which  show 
that  the  place  had  been  a  camping  ground.  This  is  immediately  south  of 
where  an  east  and  west  road  crosses  the  creek  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Bull.  On 
this  village  site  were  found  the  specimens  catalogued  under  numbers  202- 
8213  to  8222,  of  which  two  are  shown  in  Plate  II,  Fig.  1 2,  and  Fig.  52.  The 
opposite  side  of  this  stream  strikes  one  of  the  foothills  of  the  uplands,  the 
western  extension  of  Saddle  Mountains.  On  the  top  of  this  foothill,  which 
overlooks  the  above  mentioned  village  site,  were  a  number  of  burials  luarked 
by  circles  of  rocks.-  In  the  rock-slide  on  the  si<l(>  of  this  hill,  between  these 
circles  and  the  village  site  below,  were  a  lunnber  of  graves  which  are 
describe.!  in  .Ictail  under  numbers  99-4326-4332  and  202-8223-8258  on 
pages  1(14  to  KiCi.  Some  of  tlie  objects  found,  many  of  which  are  recent 
and  sliow  contact  with  the  white  v;u-i\  are  shown  iu  l-'igs.  71a,  72,  74,  78, 
80,  82-SG,  90-92,  95,  and  9G. 


'  Spinden,  p.  178. 

2  See  99-4325,  page  163. 


1310.]  Smith,   The   Yakima  Valley.  13 

On  the  western  side  of  the  Yakima,  about  opposite  the  above  mentioned 
village  site,  a  rock-slide  appears  at  the  head  of  Yakirna  Canon.  In  it  are  a 
number  of  rock-slide  graves  marked  by  sticks. 

In  Selah  Canon,  on  the  north  side  of  Selah  Creek,  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  above  where  it  empties  into  the  Yakima  are  three  groups  of  petroglyphs 
pecked  into  the  vertical  surface  of  the  low  basaltic  cliffs  of  the  canon  wall. 
Two  of  these  groups  (Plate  xii)  are  u])on  eastern  faces  of  the  rock,  while 
the  one  shown  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  xiri,  is  upon  a  southern  exposure.     In  the 
rock-slide  on  the  south  side  of  Selah  Canon,  about  three  cpiarters  of  a  mile 
above  the  Yakima  or  about  half  way  between  these  petroglyj^hs  and  the 
Yakima,  were  found  a  number  of  graves,  one  of  them  marked  by  a  much 
weathered  twig.     These  were  the  only  archaeological  remains  seen  by  us  in 
Selah  Canon,  although  we  examined  it  for  at  least  two  miles  from  its  mouth. 
On  the  north  slope  of  Yakima  Ridge,  near  its  base,  at  a  ])oint  where  the 
Moxee  Canal  and  the  river  road  turn  and  run  west  along  the  base  of  the 
ridge  or  about  southeast  of  the  largest  ranch  there,  possibly  two  miles  north- 
easterly from  the  Gap,  were  a  number  of  scattered  graves  covered  with  rock- 
slide  material.     About  one  cpiarter  of  a  mile  west  from  here,  a  little  Avest  of 
south  of  the  ranch,  was  a  large  rock-slide,  covering  a  short  northerly  spur 
of  the  ridge.     This  is  shown  from  the  southwest  in  Plate  vii.     It  is  about 
three  quarters  of  a  mile  northeast  from  where  the  Yakima  River,  after  flowing 
through  bottom  lands,  strikes  the  base  of  the  Yakima  Ridge.     In  this  slide 
were  a  large  number  of  shallow  parallel  nearly  horizontal  ditches  below  each 
of  which  is  a  low  ridge  or  terrace  of  the  angular  slide-rock.     Among  these 
terraces,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2  of  the  plate,  were  a  few  pits  surrounded  by  a  low 
-ridge,  made  up  of  jagged  slide-rock,  apparently  from  out  of  the  pits.     It  was 
naturally  larger  at  the  side  of  the  pit  towards  the  bottom  of  the  slide.     In 
none  of  these  did  we  find  human  remains  or  specimens.     Some  of  them  are 
larger  than  similar  pits  that  we  found  to  be  rock-slide  graves.     Their  close  re- 
semblance to  graves  found  to  have  been  disturbed,  part  of  their  remains  being 
scattered  near  by  and  to  other  graves,  as  they  appeared  after  our  excavations, 
suggests  that  these  pits  are  the  remains  of  such  rock-slide  graves  from  which 
the  bodies  have  been  removed  by  the  Indians  possibly  since  the  land  became 
the  property  of  the  United  States  Government.     On  the  other  hand,  these 
pits  remind  us  of  rifle  pits,  though  it  does  not  seem  probable  that  they  would 
be  built  in  such  a  place  for  that  purpose  and  there  is  no  local  account  of  the 
site  having  been  used  for  such  pits.     This  rock-slide  is  particularly  inter- 
esting because  of  the  terraces  into  which  most  of  its  surface  had  been  formed. 
The  character  of  the  rock-slide  material  is  such  that  oik^  may  walk  over 
these  for  some  little  time  without  noticing  them,  but  once  having  l^een  noticed, 
they  ahMiys  force  themselves  upon  the  attention.     Standing  near  the  top 


14  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Nalural  Hislory.    [\'ol.  \'I, 

of  the  slide,  tlicv  remiiul  one  of  rows  of  seats  in  a  tlicatre.  Each  terrace 
begins  at  the  edge  of  the  slide  and  runs  horizontallv  out  around  its  convex 
surface  to  the  opposite  side.  Some  of  them  are  wider  than  others.  They 
resemble  the  more  or  less  horizontal  and  parallel  terraces  formed  by  horses 
and  cattle  while  feeding  on  steep  sloj)es.  The  Yakima  Kidge  has  been  so 
terraced  by  stock  in  many  ])laces  and  over  large  areas.  However,  there  is 
no  vegetation  on  the  rock-slide  to  entice  stock  and  the  difficulty  of  walking 
over  the  cruelly  sharp  rocks  as  well  as  the  j)resence  of  rattlesnakes  would 
seem  sufficient  to  cause  both  cattle  and  horses  to  pass  either  below  or  above 
it.  The  outer  edge  of  each  terrace  is  probably  little  lower  than  t!ie  inner 
edge,  but  viewed  from  the  slope  it  seems  so,  and  this  suggests  that  these 
terraces  may  have  been  entrenchments,  though  it  would  seem  that  they 
would  be  useless  for  such  a  purpose  since  one  can  easily  reach  the  land  above 
from  either  side.  ^Moreover,  it  would  not  seem  necessary  to  make  parallel 
entrenchments  down  the  entire  slope.  That  they  were  made  to  facilitate 
the  carrying  of  the  dead  to  the  rock-slide  graves  is  possible  but  not  probable. 
It  seems  unlikely  that  they  could  have  been  made  for  the  seating  of  specta- 
tors to  overlook  games  or  ceremonies;  for  the  sharpness  of  the  rocks  would 
make  them  very  unc  omfortable. 

There  is  a  much  higher  rock-slide  on  the  east  side  of  a  small  steep  ravine 
near  where  the  Yakima  River  flows  close  to  the  base  of  the  ridge,  about 
a  mile  northeast  of  the  Xaches  River  or  Upper  Gap.  Near  the  top  of  this 
slide,  ])Ossibly  three  hundred  feet  above  the  river,  were  similar  jiits  larger 
than  those  just  described.  Two  or  three  of  these  were  bountled  along  the 
edge  towards  the  top  of  the  slide  by  an  vmusually  wide  terrace.  Near  the 
bottom  of  this  slide  were  graves  '  (Nos.  1  and  2)  which  arc  described  in  detail 
on  page  l.")3.  Crave  No.  1  was  in  the  base  of  the  rock-slide  as  shown  in  the 
figur(>  and  was  indicated  by  a  cedar  stick  projecting  from  a  slight  depression 
ill  the  top  of  the  heaj)  of  roL'k-slide  material  covering  it.  It  was  on  a  slight 
terrace  about  eighty  feet  above  the  river,  and  commanded  a  view  over  the 
valley  of  the  ^'iikinia  to  the  north.  The  presence  of  the  brass  tube  shown 
in  Fig.  75  suggests  that  this  grave  is  not  of  great  antiquity.  Grave  No.  2 
was  in  the  same  rock-slide  about  fifty  feet  down  the  ravine  or  to  the  north, 
and  ;il)(iut  forty  feet  above  the  Moxee  flume.  It  was  indicated  by  a  hole  in 
a  |)il('  of  vo'.-k.  like  an  old  well.  It  was  found  to  contain  nothing,  the  re- 
mains having  been  removed.  ( )n  the  south  side  of  the  Yakima  Ridge,  near 
the  bridge  over  the  ^'akiIna,  at  the  Fjipcr  Gap,  I'ock-slide  gravcvs  arc  said  to 
have  been  disturbed  (hiring  the  construction  of  tin-  (luine  which  carries  the 
waters  of  the  Moxee  ditch  around  the  western  end  of  the  "^'akima  Ridge,  and 


>  See  Fig.  3,  Plate  vi  from  the  nortli  of  west. 


1910.]  Smith,  The   Yakima  Valley.  15 

during  the  gathering  of  stone  on  this  point  for  commercial  purposes.     Some 
of  these  graves  are  said  to  have  been  above  the  flume. 

Here  and  there,  near  the  base  of  the  ridge  from  this  point  easterly  for 
about  a  mile,  were  found  small  pits,  such  as  one  shown  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  viii. 
Apparently,  these  were  rock-slide  graves  from  which  the  human  remains  had 
been  removed^  either  by  the  Indians  in  early  times  or  more  recently  by  visi- 
tors from  the  neighboring  town  of  North  Yakima.  Possibly  some  of  them 
are  old  cache  holes.  One  of  these  graves  near  the  top  of  a  small  rock-slide 
above  the  flume  contained  a  human  skeleton  and  is  shown  in  Fig.  2,  Plate 
VIII.  Below  these  graves,  on  the  narrow  flat  between  the  base  of  the  ridge 
and  the  Yakima  River  at  a  })oint  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  below  the 
Upper  Gap  at  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River,  were  discovered  a  number  of 
small  pits  each  surrounded  by  a  low  ridge  of  earth  which  were  probably  the 
remains  of  cache  holes  made  by  the  Indians  during  the  last  twenty  years. 
On  this  flat,  close  to  the  river  were  two  pits  surrounded  by  a  circular  ridge 
which  indicated  ancient  semi-subterranean  house  sites,  further  described 
on  page  51. 

It  is  said,  that  above  the  flume  at  a  point  about  a  mile  and  a  half  below 
the  Upper  Gap,  rock-slide  graves,  some  of  which  were  marked  by  pieces  of 
canoes  were  excavated  by  school  boys.  The  writer  was  also  informed  by 
small  boys  that  near  the  top  of  the  ridge  immediately  above  here,  they  fre- 
quently found  chipped  points  for  arrows  but  on  examination  discovered 
only  chips  of  stone  suitable  for  such  points,  the  boys  either  having  mistaken 
the  chips  for  points  or  having  collected  so  many  of  the  points  that  they  were 
scarce. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  Yakima,  at  the  Upper  Gap,  there  is  a  raised  flat 
top  or  terrace  that  overlooks  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River  to  the  southeast. 
Here  were  a  number  of  circles  made  up  of  angular  rocks.  Within  each  we 
found  the  remains  of  human  cremations.  Unburned  fragments  of  the  bones 
of  several  individuals  with  shell  ornaments  were  often  present  in  a  single 
circle.^ 

Continuing  ^^'estward,  along  the  slope  of  the  ridge,  cut  along  its  southern 
base  by  the  Naches  River,  at  a  point  about  one  and  a  (juarter  miles  west  of 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  a  small  ravine  cuts  down  from  the  toj)  of  the  ridge. 
This  has  formed  a  little  flat  through  the  middle  of  which  it  has  again  cut 
down  towards  the  river.  East  of  this  ravine  on  the  flat  is  a  circle  of  angular 
rocks  such  as  are  found  scattered  over  the  ridge,  'i'liis  circle  no  d()ul)t 
marks  a  house  sit(\  the  interior  liaving  been  cleared  of  stoiu"  and  the  circle 
of  rocks  ])r()l)ably  having  Ix'cn  used  lo  hold  down  tht-  lodge  co\'ering.-     To 

1  See  p.  142  and  Fig.  1 ,  Plate  ix. 

2  See  p.  15  and  Fig.  1,  Plate  iv. 


16  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Saturnl  Historij.    [\'ol.  \'I, 

the  west  ol'  tlu>  ra\iiu>,  where  the  flat  is  somewliat  hi^'her  than  to  the  east, 
there  are  the  remains  of  two  semi-subterranean  houses.  Each  of  these  is 
i("]) resented  by  a  pit  surrounded  by  a  ridge  of  earth,  and  on  the  toj),  are 
large  angular  rocks. ^  At  a  j)oint  where  the  ridge  meets  this  flat,  close  to  the 
western  side  of  the  ravine  was  a  slight  dejiression  in  a  small  rock-shde  which 
marked  what  seemed  to  be  a  grave,  but  which,  on  excavation,  revealed 
nothing.  Still  further  westward  at  a  point  probably  two  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Naches  River  and  overlooking  the  stream  at  an  altitude  of  per- 
haps 250  feet,  we  found  scattered  over  the  ground  along  the  eastern  summit 
of  a  deep  ravine,  the  first  one  west  of  the  house  sites  above  mentioned,  numer- 
ous small  chips  of  material  suitable  for  chipped  implements.  These  became 
more  numerous  as  we  proceeded  northward  uj)  the  eastern  side  of  the  ravine 
for  a  distance  of  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile.  Here  we  came  upon  the  small 
quarry  in  the  volcanic  soil,  shown  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  iii.  Immediately  to  the 
west  of  the  pit  was  a  pile  of  earth,  apparently  excavated  from  it. 

On  the  top  of  this  heap  of  soil  and  among  the  broken  rock  to  the  south 
and  east  of  it,  were  found  several  water-worn  pebbles,  used  as  hammers  in 
breaking  up  the  rock,  as  indicated  by  the  battered  condition  of  their  ends 
(p.  58)-  We  saw  no  other  water-worn  pebbles  on  the  surface  of  the  ridge, 
but  they  were  numerous  in  the  gravel  of  the  bottom-lands  subject  to  the 
overflow  of  the  rivers.  It  would  seem  that  these  pebbles  were  brought 
up  from  the  riv(>r  below  for  use  as  hammers.  Scattered  to  the  south  of  the 
pit  were  found  large  fragments  of  float  (juartz  material  containing  small 
pieces  of  stone  suitable  for  chipped  implements  but  made  up  mainly  of  stone 
which  was  badly  disintegrated.  Lying  on  the  slope  of  the  ravine  were  many 
small  fragments  of  this  same  stone  which  were  clear  of  flaws. 

It  would  seem  that  a  mass  of  float  (|uart/>  much  of  which  was  suitable 
for  chip[)ed  implements  had  been  found  here.  It  had  been  excavated,  leav- 
ing the  pile  of  earth  and  then  broken  up  with  the  river  ])ebbles  which  were 
left  behind  with  the  waste.  Probably  there  were  fairly  large  pieces  of  the 
material,  suitable  for  chipped  im])lements;  that  were  carried  away  while 
small  pieces  were  left  lying  about  a  pile  of  imsuitable  material.  In  other 
words,  it  would  seem  that  these  S])ecimens  mark  a  place  for  the  roughing 
out  of  material  for  chipped  implements.'  On  the  same  side  of  the  river,  on 
the  side  of  a  rather  low  ridge  or  table-land  overlooking  it,  at  a  point  al)()iit 
twelve  miles  above  its  mouth,  arc  some  rock-slides.  Here  it  is  said  that 
graves  have  been  found.  They  were  probably  typical  rock-slide  graves. 
On  a  point  of  land  ])erhaps  fifty  feet  above  these  and  a  few  hundred  feet  to 

1  See  p.  52  and  Fig.  2,  Plate  iv. 

2  See  p.  20. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  17 

the  north,  Master  James  ^NlcWhirter  pointed  out  a  grave  on  his  farm.  It 
was  then  surrounded  by  a  ring  made  u])  of  water-worn  pebbles,  apparently 
brought  uj)  from  the  river.  He  stated  that  an  attempt  had  been  made  to 
excavate  it  Avhich  possibly  accounts  for  the  pebbles  being  in  a  circle  rather 
than  a  hea])  over  the  grave.  This  grave  was  found  to  contain  a  slab  of  wood, 
shell  ornaments,  probably  modern,  and  an  adult  skeleton.  No.  12  (7),  99- 
4320,  p.  156. 

There  are  a  number  of  painted  pictographs  on  the  vertical  faces  of  the 
basaltic  columns,  facing  north  on  the  south  side  of  the  Xaches  River,  im- 
mediately to  the  west  of  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek.  These  are  below 
the  flume  and  may  be  reached  from  the  top  of  the  talus  slope  which  has  been 
added  to  by  the  blasting  away  of  the  rock  abo\e,  during  the  construction  of 
the  flume.  In  fact,  debris  from  this  blasting  has  covered  part  of  the  picto- 
graphs. Some  of  the  pictures  are  in  red,  others  in  white  and  there  are 
combinations  of  the  two  colors.^  Local  merchants  have  defaced  these 
pictographs  with  advertisements. 

In  the  Cowiche  Valley,  there  are  several  rock-slide  graves,  but  these 
seem  to  have  been  rifled.  Northeast  of  the  fair  grounds  at  North  Yakima, 
the  remains  of  an  underground  house  are  said  to  exist.  K  short  distance 
east  of  Tampico,  about  18  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ahtanum,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  river  and  east  of  the  road  from  the  north  where  it  meets 
the  river  road  and  immediately  across  it  from  the  house  of  INIr.  Sherman 
Eglin,  was  a  grave  located  in  a  volcanic  dome  left  by  the  ^vind,  which  ]\Ir. 
Eglin  pointed  out  to  us.  The  site  is  about  600  feet  north  of  the  north  branch 
of  the  Ahtanum  and  about  fifteen  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river.  A  pile 
of  rocks  about  eight  feet  in  diameter  covered  this  grave,  No.  25,  p.  160.  On 
the  land  of  Mr.  A.  D.  Eglin,  between  the  above-mentioned  grave  and  Tam- 
pico on  the  north  side  of  the  road  were  seen  the  signs  of  two  graves,  destroyed 
by  plowing.  Near  here,  an  oblong  mound  six  or  eight  inches  high  and  ten 
feet  wide  by  eight  feet  long,  supposedly  covering  a  grave,  marked  by  a  stone 
on  the  level  at  each  side  and  each  end,  12  and  16  feet  apart  respectively 
was  reported  by  Mr.  Eglin's  son.  A  little  distance  further  north  and  up  the 
slope  of  the  land,  were  a  number  of  volcanic  ash  heaps  left  by  the  wind. 
The  surrounding  land  is  what  is  locally  known  as  "scab  land."  In  some 
of  these  knolls,  graves  have  been  foimd  and  one  which  has  been  ex[)lored  is 
shown  in  Eig.  2,  Plate  ix.  It  is  located  near  the  pasture  gate,  and  Avas 
marked  by  a  circle  of  stones  as  shown  in  the  figure.  On  excavating,  nothing 
was  found.  It  is  possible  that  the  remains  were  entirely  disintegrated. 
Graves  in  rock-slides  on  hill  sides,  and  a  village  site  near  this  place  were 

'   Further  described  under  the  sul)j?ft  of  art  on  ji.  119  and  shown  in  Plates  xi\'-x\'i. 


18  Anthropoloyical  Papers  American  Museum   of  Natural  Histurtj.    [\'ol.  \'I, 

reported  by  jNIi".  Eglin's  son.  Alono-  tlu'  north  side  of  Ahtamnn  Creek 
between  Ahtanum  and  Tainpico.  l)el()\v  the  rim  roek  of  the  nplands  parallel 
to  the  creek  are  a  number  of  rock-slide  graves. 

On  the  western  side  of  Union  Gap,  through  which  the  Yakima  River 
flows,  below  the  mouth  of  Ahtanum  Creek,  a  short  cHstance  l)elow  Old 
Yakima,  on  a  httk'  flat  or  terrace  projecting  from  the  south  side  of  Hattle 
Snake  Range  is  a  modern  Indian  cemeterv  surrounded  bv  a  fence.  To  the 
east  of  Union  Gaj),  on  the  northwestern  slope  of  Rattle  Snake  Range,  we 
examined  some  rock-slide  graves  which  had  been  made  since  the  advent  of 
objects  of  white  manufacture.  A  mile  or  so  south  of  Union  Gaj)  not  far 
from  the  ui)lands  to  the  east  of  the  river  was  a  ridge  of  earth  extending 
north  and  south  nearly  parallel  with  the  river  road.  This,  however,  I  believe 
may  be  the  remains  of  some  early  irrigation  j^oject.  On  the  west  side  of 
the  Yakima  River  about  two  miles  south  of  Union  Gap  was  seen  a  summer 
lodge  made  by  covering  a  conical  framework  with  mats. 

At  Fort  Simcoe,  immediately  south  of  the  Indian  agency,  on  the  north 
edge  of  the  "scab  land,"  overlooking  a  small  ravine,  is  a  large  j)it  surrounded 
by  an  embankment  of  earth,  the  remains  of  a  semi-subterranean  house. 
Perha})s  an  eighth  of  a  mile  south  of  this,  on  higher  "scab  land"  was  a 
rather  low  long  mound  upon  which  were  several  piles  of  stone  that  probably 
marked  graves.  This  mound  was  lower  and  more  oblong  than  the  usual 
dome  in  which  such  graves  were  made.  Mrs.  Lynch,  who  pointed  these 
out  has  excavated  similar  piles  at  this  place  and  found  them  to  mark  graves. 
We  were  informed  that  chi})pecl  implements  were  fre(|uently  found  along  the 
Yakima  River  at  a  point  near  Prosser.  Above  Kennewick,  while  digging 
a  flume,  a  number  of  graves  were  discovered,  from  A\liich  ISIr.  Sonderman 
made  his   collection.     Some   of   these  graves   contained   modern    material 

(p.  111). 

On  the  surface  of  the  western  beach  of  the  Columbia  at  KcimeAviek  and 
on  the  flat  land  back  of  it  we  found  chips  of  material  suitable  for  making 
chipped  imjdements,  and  a  large  pebble,  j^robably  a  net  sinker.^  TJiese, 
together  with  the  fact  that  j\Ir.  1).  W.  Owen  has  also  fre(iuently  foiuid 
specimens  here,  suggest  that  this  i)lace  was  an  ancient  camping  ground. 
That  Lewis  and  Clark  saw  Indians  here  and  in  the  vicinity,  as  well  as  that 
the  Indians  still  (amp  here  on  the  beach  of  the  river,  sheltered  from  the  wind 
by  the  bank  and  depending  upon  the  river  driftwood  for  llieir  fuel,  strengthens 
this  suggestion.  Specimens  have  been  found  on  the  large  island  in  the 
Columbia  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yakima.  (Sec  j).  04.)  At  a  jioint  four 
miles  below  Kennewiek  or  ])erhaps  a  mile  below  a  jioiiit  opjiosile  the  mouth 

>  See  p.  30. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  19 

of  the  Snake,  a  grave  Avhicli  contained  material  of  white  manufacture  is 
said  to  have  been  discovered  by  a  man  while  hauling  water  up  the  bank  of 
the  Columbia. 

Schoolcraft  states^  that  there  was  an  earthwork  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Lower  Yakima  on  the  edge  of  a  terrace  about  fifteen  feet  high  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  water.  This  terrace  was  banked  on  either  side  by  a  gvdley. 
This  consisted  of  two  concentric  circles  of  earth  about  eighty  yards  in  dia- 
meter by  three  feet  high,  with  a  ditch  between.  Within  were  about  twenty 
''  cellars  ",  situated  without  apparent  design,  except  economy  of  room.  They 
were  some  thirty  feet  across,  and  three  feet  deep.  A  guide  stated  that  it 
was  unique  and  made  very  long  ago  by  an  unknown  people.  Outside,  but 
near  by,  were  other  "cellars"  in  no  way  differing  from  the  remains  of  villages 
of  the  region.  What  may  be  an  earthwork  near  by  is  described  by  School- 
craft^ as  follows:  "The  Indians  also  pointed  out,  near  by,  a  low  hill  or  spur, 
which  in  form  might  be  supposed  to  resemble  an  inverted  canoe,  and  which 
he  had  said  was  a  ship."  Schoolcraft  suggests  a  possible  relation  of  this  to 
the  mounds  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  and  continues: — 

"In  this  connection  may  also  be  mentioned  a  couple  of  modern  fortifications, 
erected  by  the  Yakamas  upon  the  Sunkive  fork.  They  are  situated  between  two 
small  branches,  upon  the  siunmits  of  a  narrow  ridge  some  two  hundred  yards  long, 
and  thirty  feet  in  height,  and  are  about  twenty-five  yards  apart.  The  first  is  a 
square  with  rounded  corners,  formed  by  an  earthen  embankment  capped  with  stones; 
the  interstices  between  which  served  for  loop-holes,  and  without  any  ditch.  It  is 
about  thirty  feet  on  the  sides,  and  the  wall  three  feet  high.  The  other  is  built  of 
adobes,  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle,  twenty  by  thirty-four  feet,  the  walls  three  feet 
high,  and  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  thick,  with  loop-holes  six  feet  apart.  Both  are 
commanded  within  rifle-shot  by  neighboring  hills.  They  were  erected  in  1847  by 
Skloo,  as  a  defence  against  the  Cayuse.  We  did  not  hear  whether  they  were  suc- 
cessfully maintained,  accounts  varying  greatly  in  this  respect.  In  the  same  neigh- 
borhood Captain  M'Clellan's  party  noticed  small  piles  of  stones  raised  by  the  Indians 
on  the  edges  of  the  basaltic  walls  which  enclose  these  valleys,  but  were  informed 
that  they  had  no  purpose;  they  were  put  up  through  idleness.  Similar  piles  are, 
however,  sometimes  erected  to  mark  the  fork  of  a  trail.  At  points  on  these  walls 
there  were  also  many  graves,  generally  made  in  regular  form,  covered  with  loose 
stones  to  protect  them  from  the  cayotes,  and  marked  by  poles  decorated  with  tin 
cups,  powder-horns,  and  articles  of  dress.  During  the  summer  the  Indians  for  the 
most  part  live  in  the  small  valleys  lying  well  into  the  foot  of  the  mountains.  These 
are,  however,  uninhabital)le  during  the  winter,  and  they  move  further  down,  or  to 
more  sheltered  situations.  The  mission  which,  in  summer,  is  maintained  in  the 
A-td-nam  vallov,  is  transferred  into  that  of  the  main  river.''  ^ 


»  Schoolcraft,  VI,  p.  612. 

2  Schoolcraft,  VI,  p.  613. 

3  Of.  also  Bancroft,  IV,  p.  736;  Stevens,  pp.  232-3;  Gibbs,  (a),  pp.  408-9. 


20  Anthropolugical  Papers   Anierican    Museum   of  Xuturul  History.    [Vo].  VI, 

After  passing  the  toj)  of  the  divide,  to  the  left  of  the  trail  from  Ellens- 
burg  to  Priest  Rapids,  chips  and  fragments  of  variegated  float  quartz  suitable 
for  c-hii)ped  im})lements  were  found.  This  a})parently  marked  a  place 
where  a  fragment  of  float  rock  had  been  broken  up,  but  fine  fragments 
were  hardly  numerous  enough  to  indicate  that  the  place  had  been  a  shop 
site,  or  at  least  a  large  one.  The  quantity  of  material  broken  up,  judging 
from  the  amount  of  refuse,  was  small.  On  the  western  side  of  the  Columbia, 
at  the  base  of  the  basaltic  rocks  where  they  meet  the  bottom-land,  perhaps 
a  mile  from  the  river  were  rock-slide  graves  in  the  talus  slope.  At  the  head 
of  Priest  Rapids,  the  river  turns  towards  the  west  and  then  southward,  flow- 
ing close  to  the  southern  end  of  this  escarpment.  On  the  flat,  at  the  very 
head  of  Priest  Rapids,  the  river,  during  high  Avater  had  washed  out  the  re- 
mains of  a  village  or  camp  site,  where  pestles  and  animal  bones  were  numer- 
ous. A  short  distance  above  this,  in  a  low  ridge  near  the  river  were  some 
modern  graves  some  of  which  were  marked  with  sticks  at  the  head  and  foot. 
The  bodies,  judging  from  the  mounds  of  earth,  were  laid  full  length  and 
many,  if  not  all  of  them,  judging  from  the  size  of  the  head  and  foot  sticks, 
were  placed  with  the  feet  towards  the  east.  Perhaps  a  mile  above  here  near 
the  home  of  ]\Ir.  Britain  Everette  Craig,  several  large  and  deep  pits,  the 
sites  of  ancient  semi-subterranean  houses  were  seen.  Above  and  near  his 
house,  the  river  had  washed  out  what  was  apparently  a  village  site,  and 
perhaps  a  few  graves.  Here  was  found  the  small  fresh  water  shell  heap, 
shown  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  v,  and  the  pile  of  flat  oval  pebbles  which  probably 
marked  a  cooking  place,  shown  in  Fig.  2.  On  the  west  beach  of  the 
Columbia  at  Sentinal  Bluft's  })erhaps  another  mile  further  uj)  the  river, 
notched  sinkers  and  other  tndications  of  a  camp  or  fishing  ground  were 
found. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  river  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rajiids  some 
material  was  found  on  the  surface  of  the  beach  where  the  floods  of  the  river 
had  uncovered  it.  A  mile  or  more  above  here,  pecked  on  the  basaltic 
columns  of  Sentinal  Bluffs,  which  may  be  seen  in  both  figures  of  Plate  v 
w^ere  a  number  of  petroglyi)hs,  shown  in  Plate  xi  and  described  on  page  121 . 
Those  shown  in  Fig.  1,  ]ihotogra])lied  from  the  west,  are  on  the  cohunns  to 
the  east  of  the  road,  blasted  through  the  rocks  at  this  point,  and  ])erhaps 
fifteen  feet  froin  the  river.  Those  in  Fig.  2,  photographed  from  the  north, 
are  to  the  west  of  the  road  on  tlr-  cohunns  which  rise  al)ru])tly  from  the  river. 
Some  specimens  and  indications  of  habitation  were  found  scattered  Ix'twcen 
this  poiiU  and  the  mouth  of  ('rab  Creek,  the  bed  of  which  was  dry  in  most 
places  when  we  visited  it. 


1910.]  Smith,   The   Yakima   Valley.  21 


Resources. 

The  resources  of  the  prehistoric  peo})le  of  the  Yakima  VaUey,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  specimens  found  in  the  graves  and  about  the  village  sites,  were 
chiefly  of  stone,  copper,  shell,  bone,  antler,  horn,  feathers,  skin,  tule  stalks, 
birch  bark  and  wood.  They  employed  extensively  various  kinds  of  stone 
for  making  a  variety  of  objects.  Obsidian,^  glassy  basalt  or  trap,  petrified 
wood,  agate,  chalcedonic  quartz  with  opaline  intrusions,  chert  and  jasper 
were  used  for  chijjping  into  various  kinds  of  points,  such  as  those  used  for 
arrows,  spears,  knives,  drills  and  scrapers.  According  to  Spinden,"  obsidian 
was  used  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east  where  it  was  obtained  from  the 
John  Day  River  and  in  the  mountains  to  the  east,  possibly  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Yellowstone  National  Park.  The  people  of  the  Yakima  Valley  may  have 
secured  it  from  the  Nez  Perce.  As  on  the  coast,  objects  made  of  glassy 
basalt  were  rare  here,  although  it  will  be  remembered  that  they  were  the 
most  common  among  chipped  objects  in  the  Thompson  River  region.^  Mr. 
James  Teit  believes  that  glassy  basalt  is  scarce  in  the  Yakima  region  and  that 
this  is  the  reason  why  the  prehistoric  people  there  did  not  use  it  extensively. 
Some  agate,  chalcedony  and  similar  materials  were  used  in  the  Thompson 
River  region,  but  while  there  is  a  great  quantity  of  the  raw  material  of  these 
substances  there,  the  Indians  say  that  the  black  basalt  was  easier  to  work 
and  quite  as  effective  when  finished.  Several  small  cjuarries  of  ffoat  quartz 
had  been  excavated  and  broken  up  to  be  flaked  at  adjacent  work  shops, 
p.  16.  River  pebbles  were  made  into  net  sinkers,  pestles,  mortars,  ham- 
merstones,  scrapers,  clubs,  slave  killers,  sculptures,  and  similar  objects, 
and  were  also  used  for  covering  some  of  the  graves  in  the  knolls.  Serpentine 
was  used  for  celts  and  clubs;  lava  for  sculptures.  Slate  was  used  for  orna- 
mental or  ceremonial  tablets  steatite  for  ornaments  and  pipes,  though  rarely 
for  pestles  and  other  objects;  and  impure  limestone  for  pipes.  Fragments 
of  basaltic  rock  were  used  for  covering  graves  in  the  rock-slides  and  in  some 
of  the  knolls.  Places  on  the  basaltic  columns  and  cliffs  served  as  backgrounds 
upon  which  pictures  were  made,  some  being  pecked,*  others  painted.^  No 
objects  made  of  mica  or  nephrite  were  found.  Siliceous  sandstone  was  made 
into  pestles,  pipes  and  smoothers  for  arrow-shafts,  but  the  last  were  rare. 
Copper  clay,  white  earth  and  red  ochre  were  not  found,  but  red  and  white 


1  See  Fig.  5  and  202-8141,  p.  154. 

2  Spinden,  p.  184. 

3  Smith,  (d)  p.  132  and  135   (c)  p.  407 
■•  See  Plates  xi-xiii. 

5  See  Plates  xiv-xvi. 


22  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    \Yo\.  VI, 

paint  were  seen  on  the  ba.saltie  cliffs  and  Mrs.  Lynch  reports  bhie  paint 
from  a  grave  near  Fort  Simcoe  (p.  117). 

Copper  was  used  for  beads,  pendants  and  bracelets.  While  all  of  this 
copper  may  have  been  obtained  by  barter  from  the  whites,  yet  some  of  it 
may  have  been  native.  Copper,  according  to  Spinden,  was  probably  not 
known  to  the  Nez  Perce  before  the  articles  of  civilization  had  reached  that 
region,  but  he  states  that  large  quantities  of  copper  have  been  taken  from 
graves  and  that  the  edges  of  some  of  the  specimens  are  uneven,  such  as 
would  be  more  likely  to  result  from  beating  out  a  nugget  than  from  working 
a  piece  of  cut  sheet  copper.^  The  glass  beads,  iron  bracelets,"  and  bangles,^ 
the  brass  rolled  beads,^  brass  pendant''  and  the  white  metal  inlay ,^  which 
we  found,  all  came  from  trade  with  the  white  race  during  recent  times 
and  do  not  belong  to  the  old  culture. 

Shells  of  the  fresh  water  unio,  in  a  bed  five  or  six  feet  in  diameter  and 
two  or  three  inches  thick,  at  the  Priest  Rapids  village  site  and  described  on 
p.  34  indicate  that  this  animal  had  been  used  for  food.  Shells  of  the  little 
salt  water  clam  {Pectunculus  202-8388,  Fig.  88),  haliotis  (202-8234b,  8252, 
8255,  8386,  Figs.  89-92),  dentalium  (202-8178,  8156,  8163,  8173,  8177-9, 
8184,  8186-89,  8192-3,  8233,  8241,  8253,  8389,  Figs.  74,  117,  and  118) 
olivella  (202-8393,  Fig.  87),  and  oyster  (202-8170,  Fig.  94)  which  were 
made  into  various  ornaments  must  have  been  obtained  from  the  coast.  No 
shells  of  Pecien  caurimis  were  found. 

Deer  bones  were  seen  in  great  numbers  in  the  earth  of  a  village  site  at  the 
head  of  Priest  Rapids  where  they  probably  are  the  remains  of  cooking. 
Animal  bones  were  made  into  points  for  arrows  or  harpoon  barbs,  awls  and 
tubes  that  were  probably  used  in  gambling.  Fish  bones  (202-8387)  found 
in  the  ^■i]lage  sites  suggest  that  fish  were  used  for  food.  No  bones  of  the 
whale  were  found. 

Antler  was  used  for  wedges,  combs  and  as  material  upon  which  to  carve. 
Horns  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  shee]>  were  used  for  digging-stick  handles. 
IMountain  slice])  horns  were  secured  by  the  Nez  Perce  who  lived  to  the  east 
of  the  Yakima  region,  and  were  traded  with  Indians  westwnrd  as  far  as  the 
Lower  Columbia.''  No  objects  made  of  teeth  were  found  ahhough  a  piece 
of  a  beaver  tooth  (202-8189)  was  seen  in  grave  No.  21,  and  Mrs.  Lynch 
reports  elk   teeth   from  a  grave   near   Fort   Simcoe    (p.    119).     Pieces    of 

1  Spinden,  p.  190. 

2  See  Fig.  96. 

3  See  Figs.  85  and  86. 
<  See  Fig.  75. 

6  See  Fig.  84. 

«  See  Fig.  128. 

7  Spinden,  p.  223. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  23 

thong,  skin,  fur,  and  feathers  of  the  woodpecker,  all  of  which  were  probably 
used  as  articles  of  wearing  apparel,  were  found  in  the  graves  preserved  by 
the  action  of  copper  salts  or  the  dryness  of  the  climate. 

Wood  Avas  used  as  the  hearth  of  a  fire  drill  ^  and  for  a  bow,  a  fragment 
of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  114.  Sticks  which  had  not  decayed  in  this  dry 
climate,  marked  some  of  the  graves  in  the  rock-slides  (p.  140).  Charcoal 
was  also  found  in  the  graves  and  village  sites.  A  fragment  of  birch  bark, 
tightly  rolled  (202-8392)  was  found  in  a  grave;  roots  were  woven  into 
baskets;-   rushes  were  stitched  and  woven  into  mats.^ 


The  Securing  of  Food. 

Points  Chipped  oxit  of  Stone.  Many  implements  used  in  procuring  food 
were  found.  In  general,  they  are  similar  in  character  to  those  found  in  the 
Thompson  River  Region.*  The  most  numerous  perhaps,  were  points  of 
various  sizes  and  shapes,  made  by  chipping  and  flaking,  for  arrows,  knives 
and  spears.  Many  of  these  are  small  and  finely  wrought  and  most  of  them 
are  of  bright  colored  agates,  chalcedonies  and  similar  stones.  As  before 
mentioned,  several  small  c[uarries  of  such  material  with  adjacent  workshops 
were  found.  A  very  few  specimens  were  made  of  glassy  basalt,  and  it  will 
be  remembered  (p.  21)  that  this  was  the  prevailing  material  for  chipped 
implements  in  the  Thompson  River  region  to  the  north,  where  there  was 
perhaps  not  such  a  great  variety  of  material  used.^  In  the  Nez  Perce  region 
to  the  east,  according  to  Spinden,  a  great  variety  of  forms  of  arrow  points 
chipped  from  stone  of  many  kinds  is  found,^  and  the  extreme  minuteness  of 
some  of  them  is  noteworthy.  The  war  spear  sometimes  had  a  point  of  stone, 
usually  lance-shaped,  but  sometimes  barbed.''  He  further  states  that  iron 
supplanted  flint  and  obsidian  at  an  early  date,  for  the  manufacture  of  arrow- 
heads.^ 

No  caches  of  chipped  implements  were  found  in  the  Yakima  region. 
Judging  from  the  collections  which  I  have  seen,  I  am  under  (he  impression 
that  chipped  points  are  not  nearly  so  numerous  in  this  region  as  they  are 
near  The  Dalles  and  in  the  Columbia  Valley  immediately  south  of  this  area, 


1  See  Fig.  38. 

2  See  Fig.  17. 

3  See  Fig.  70-72. 

4  Smith,  (d)  p.  135;   and  (c)  p.  408. 

5  Ibid. 

6  Cf.  Spinden,  Figs.  10-22,  Plate  vii. 

7  Spinden,  p.  227. 

8  Spinden,  p.  190. 


24  Anthropological  Papers  Atucrica)i  Museum   nf  Xatural  History.    [\o\.  VI, 

and  perhaps  not  even  as  numerous  as  in  the  Thompson  River  country  to  the 
north.  AVe  found  no  fantastic  forms  such  as  were  rather  common  in  the 
Thompson  River  country.^  It  will  be  remembered  -  that  the  art  of  chipping 
stone  was  not  extensively  practised  on  the  coast  of  British  Cohunbia  or 
Washington,  no  specimens  liaving  been  found  in  that  area  north  of  Van- 
couver Island  except  at  Bella  Coola,  where  only  two  were  discovered.  They 
Ave  re  frecjuent  at  Saanich  and  in  the  Fraser  Delta  and  became  still  more 
common  as  one  apj)roached  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  on  the  west  coast  of 
Washington  where,  on  the  whole,  they  seem  to  resemble,  especially  in  the 
general  character  of  the  material,  the  chipped  points  of  the  Columbia  River 
Vallev  in  the  general  region  from  Portland  to  The  Dalles. 

The  range  of  forms  and  sizes  is  well  shown  in  Figs.  1  to  G  and  in  Plates 
I  and  11.^  The  spe.cimen  shown  in  Fig.  1  is  very  small,  apparently  made 
from  a  thin  flake  of  chalcedony  that  has  not  been  much  chipped.     Its  edges 

are  slightly  serrated  and  it  was  found  on  the  surface  near 
the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.  Deeply  serrated  points  are 
found  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east,  but  they  are 
unusual.'  The  one  shown  in  Fig.  2  is  also  made  of 
chalcedony  and  is  from  the  same  place.  It  is  larger  and 
Chipped  Point  iiuide  ^^^  barbs  are  not  so  deep.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig. 
of  Chalcedony.    From      3,  chipped   from   white  chalcedony  was  found  at   the 

the  surface,  near   tlie  ,  i  i  •  i    '     i  i      -l-  •    j. 

head  of  Priest  Rapids       S'T-H^^   place   antl    may    be   considered   as  a  knire  point 

i  nat.  size.  rather  than  as  an  arrow  point.     The  one  shown  in  Fig. 

4  is  made  of  petrified  wood  and  has  serrated  edges. 
It  was  found  at  Priest  Rapids  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires. 
Fig.  o  illustrates  a  point  with  a  straight  base  chi])pcd  from  obsidian, 
one  of  the  few  made  of  this  material  that  have  been  found  in  the  whole 
region.  This  is  also  from  Priest  Rapids  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  ]Mires. 
The  straight  based  arrow-head  is  very  common  in  the  Nez  Perce  region.'^ 
The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  0  is  leaf  shaped,  the  base  being  broken  off.  It 
is  made  of  chert,  was  collected  at  Wallula  near  the  Columbia  River  in  Oregon 
by  Judge  James  Kennedy  in  1882  and  is  in  the  James  Terry  collection  of 
this  Museum.  Plate  i  shows  a  rather  large  and  crudely  chipix'd  poiiu  made 
of  basalt,  from  the  surface  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids  on  the  bank  of  the 
Columbia  River.  The  second  is  made  of  red  jas])er  and  the  ihird  of  white 
chert.     Thev  were  found  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids,  the  latter  also  on 


1  Smith,  (d)  p.  136;  and  (c)  p.  409. 

2  Smith,  (b),  p.  437;   (a)  p.  190;    (e)  p.  564;   and  (f),  p.  3.59. 

3  Photographs  by  Mr.  Wm.  C.  Orchard. 
■1  Cf.  Spinden,  Fig.  16,  Plate  vii. 

5  Cf.  Spinden,  Fig.  14,  Plate  vii. 


1910.1 


Sniilh,   The   Yakima  Valley. 


25 


the  bank  of  the  river.  These  three  specimens  may  be  considered  as  finished 
or  unfinished  spear  or  knife  points.  The  specimens  shown  in  Plate  ii  are 
more  nearly  of  the  average  size.  The  first  is  made  of  buff  jasper  and  was 
found  on  the  surface  at  Kennewick.  It  is  slightly  serrated.  The  second  is 
made  of  brownish  fissile  jasper  and  was  found  in  grave  No.  10  (5)  in  a  rock- 
slide  near  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River.  The  third,  chipped  from  mottled 
quartz  was  found  in  grave  No.  2S  (21)  near  the  skull  in  a  rock-slide  about 
three  miles  west  of  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek.  The  fourth  of  white  quart- 
zite  is  also  from  grave  No.  28  (21)  near  the  skull.  The  breadth  of  the  base 
of  these  last  two  specimens  and  the  notches  would  facilitate  their  being 
fastened  very  securely  in  an  arrow-shaft,  while  the  basal  points  would 
probably  project  far  enough  beyond  the  shaft  to  make  serviceable  barbs. 


Fig. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  2  (202-8364). 

head  of  Priest  Rapids. 

Fig.  3   (202-8336). 


Fig.  4. 
From  tlie  surface,  near  the 


Chipped  Point  made  of  Chalcedony 
^  nat.  size. 

Chipped  Point  made  of  White  Chalcedony.     From  the  surface,  near 
the  head  of  Priest  Rapids,     i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  4.     Serrated  Chipped  Point  made  of  Petrified  Wood.     From  Priest  Rapids.     ^  nat. 
size.     (Drawn  from  a  sketch.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires.) 

The  fifth  specimen,  chipped  from  V)iown  chert  was  found  among  the  refuse 
of  a  fire  in  grave  No.  1,  in  a  rock-slide  of  the  Yakima  Ridge.  The  sixth 
is  made  of  glassy  basalt  and  is  remarkable  for  having  two  sets  of  notches. 
It  is  rather  large,  which  suggests  that  it  may  have  served  as  a  knife  point. 
It  is  from  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids  and  was  collected  and  presented  by  Mrs. 
J.  B.  Davidson.  Double  notched  arrow  points  are  found  in  the  Nez 
Perce  region.^  The  seventh  is  chip]:»ed  from  pale  fulvous  chalcedony  and 
is  from  the  surface  at  the  same  ])lace.  The  eighth  is  chipped  from  similar 
material  and  was  found  near  by.  The  ninth  is  made  of  opaline  whitish 
chalcedony  and  is  from  the  same  place.  The  tenth  is  chipped  I'lom  yellow 
agate,  and  somewhat  resembles  a  drill,  while  the  eleventh  is  of  brown  horn 
stone,  both  of  them  being  from  the  surface  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids. 


1  Cf.  Spinden,  Fig.  15,  Plate  vii. 


26 


.Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xutural  History.    [\'ol.  W, 


The  twelfth  which  is  chipped  from  clove  Ijrown  jasper  was  fouiul  on  the 
surface  of  the  Cherry  Creek  camp  site  near  Ellensburg.  The  thirteenth  is 
made  of  reddish  white  chert  and  was  found  on  the  surface  near  tlic  mouth 
of  Wenas  Creek.  The  fourteenth  is  of  pale  yellow  chalcedony  and  comes 
from  the  surface  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.  Most  of  these  s])ecimens 
seem  to  be  suitable  for  arrow  ])oints,  although  some  of  them  ])roliably  served 
for  use  as  knives. 

Points  Rubbed  out  of  Stone.     No  points  rubbed  out  of  stone  have  been 
found  in  this  region,  although  it  will  be  remembered  that  two  such  points 


Fig.  5.  Fig.  6. 

Fig.  5.  Cliipped  Point  made  of  Obsidian.  From  Priest  Rapids.  J  nal.  size.  (Drawn 
from  a  sketch.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires.) 

Fig.  6.  (T-21184,  H-180.)  Fragment  of  a  leaf-shaped  Point  made  of  Chert.  From 
Wallula  near  the  Columbia  River,  Oregon.  Collected  by  Judge  James  Kennedy  in  1882. 
i  nat.  size. 


were  found  in  the  Tlionipsoii  Ivivcr  region  '  and  were  thought  to  n'|U'('Scnt 
an  intrusion  IVoni  the  coast  whci'cthcy  were  comnioii  as  in  the  Frascr  1  )('ha - 
at  both  l*ort  Ilaninioiid  and  Ebnrnr  whci-c  lliey  an>  more  than  one  hah'  as 
iinnicious  as  the  chipped  points,  and  at  ('oniox  '  where  at  least  seven  of  this 


1  Smith,  (c),  p.  409. 

2  Smith,  (a),  pp.  141  and  143. 

3  Smith,  (1)),  p.  308. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  27 

type  to  three  chipped  from  stone  were  found.  They  were  also  found  at 
Saanich/  where  they  were  in  proportion  of  nineteen  to  twenty-four,  near 
Victoria  ^  and  on  the  San  Juan  Islands.^ 

Points  Rubbed  out  of  Bone.  Points  rubbed  out  of  bone  which  were  so 
common  on  the  coast  everywhere,  but  rare  in  the  Thompson  River  country 
are  still  more  scarce  here.  Only  ten  specimens  from  the  whole  region  can  be 
identified  as  clearly  intended  for  the  points  or  barbs  of  arrows,  harpoon  heads 
or  spears.  The  types  are  shown  in  Figs.  7  to  12.  The  first  was  found  in  the 
west,  northwest  part  of  grave  No.  10  (5)  in  a  rock-slide  about  a  half  mile 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River.  It  is  nearly  circular  in  cross  section, 
31  mm.  long  with  a  point  only  6  mm.  in  length  and  was  apparently  intended 
for  a  salmon  harpoon  head,  similar  to  those  used  in  the  Thompson  River 
region  ■*  both  in  ancient  and  modern  times  but  which  are  much  more  com- 
mon on  the  coast.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  8  is  circular  in  cross  section 
and  w^as  seen  in  the  collection  of  Mrs.  Davidson.  It  is  from  Kennewick 
and  is  of  the  shape  of  one  of  the  most  frequent  types  of  bone  points  found  in 
the  Fraser  Delta.^  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  9  was  found  with  three 
others  in  grave  No.  1  in  a  rock-slide  of  the  Yakima  Ridge.  This  and  two 
of  the  others  were  scorched.  They  are  circular  in  cross  section  and  sharji 
at  both  ends  but  the  upper  end  is  much  the  more  slender.  The  point  shown 
in  Fig.  10  somewhat  resembles  these,  but  it  is  slightly  larger  and  tends  to  be 
rectangular  in  cross  section  except  at  the  base.  It  was  found  with  a  similar 
specimen  in  a  grave  on  the  Snake  River,  five  miles  above  its  mouth,  and  was 
collected  and  presented  by  iVIr.  Owen  who  still  has  the  other  specimen. 
Diagonal  striations  may  still  be  seen  on  its  much  weathered  brown  surface. 
These  were  probably  caused  by  rubbing  it  on  a  stone  in  its  manufacture. 
A  slightly  different  type  of  bone  point  is  shown  in  Figs.  11  and  12.  These 
seem  to  be  barbs  for  fish  spears  such  as  were  found  in  the  Thompson  River 
region,^  among  both  ancient  and  modern  specimens.  The  one  shown  in 
Fig.  11  has  traces  of  the  marrow  canal  on  the  reverse.  It  was  found  in  the 
Yakima  Valley  below  Prosser  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Spalding.  While 
the  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  12  is  from  the  surface  near  the  head  of  Priest 
Rapids. 

Bone  points  and  barbs  were  used  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east, 
where  three  types  of  spears  with  bone  points  were  known,  two  of  them  at 
least  being  similar  to  those  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region  to  the 

1  Smith,  (b),  p.  332. 

2  P.  357  and  358,  ibid. 

3  P.  380,  ibid. 

4  Smith,  (c),  p.  410;   Teit,  (a).  Fig.  231. 
s  Cf.  Smith,  (a),  Fig.  13/i. 

6  Smith,  (c),  p.  410;   Teit,  (a).  Fig.  232. 


23  Aidhiopological   Papers   American   Museum  of  Xaturtd   History.    [Vol.  VI 


Fig.  7. 


fl 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  9. 


If 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11. 


Fig.  12. 


Fig.  7  (202-8165).     Point  made  of  Bone.     From  the  W.,  N.  W.  part  of  grave  No.  10  (5) 
in  a  rock-slide  about  half  a  mile  abo\-e  the  mouth  of  Naches  River,     i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  8.      Point  made  of  Bone.     From   Keniiewick. 
Original  in  the  collection  of  Mrs.  Davidson.) 

Fig.  9   (202-8143).     Scorched  Point  made  of  Bone 
of  the  Yakima  Ridge,     i  nat.  size. 

Fig.   10(20.0-1468).     Point   made  of  Bone.      Foun( 
River,  five  miles  above  its  mouth,     i  nat.  size.      (Collected  and  presented  \}y  Mr.  Owen.) 

Fig.  11.     Point  or  Barb  made  of  Bone.     From  the  Yakima  Valley  below  Prosser.     i  nat, 
size.     (Drawn  from  a  sketch.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Spalding.) 

Fig.  12  (202-8381).     Point  or  Barb  made  of   Bone.     From  the  surface,  near  the  head  of 
Priest  Rapids,     i  nat.  size. 


J  nat.  size.      (Drawn  from  a  sketch. 

From  grave  No.  1   in  a  rock-slide 

in  a  grave  on  an  island  in  the  Snake 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  29 

north. ^  The  war  spears  sometimes  had  a  point  of  bone,  usually  lance- 
shaped,  but  sometimes  barbed.^ 

Bows.  The  only  information  which  we  have  regarding  bows  is  from  the 
specimen  shown  in  Fig.  114.  The  object  seems  to  be  a  fragment  of  a  bow 
which  was  lenticular  in  cross  section  although  rather  flat.  It  is  slightly  bent 
and  the  concave  side  bears  transverse  incisions,  (p.  125.)  The  specimen 
was  found  in  grave  No.  10  (5)  in  a  rock-slide  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet  up  the  slope  on  the  north  side  of  the  Xaches  River,  about  half  a  mile 
above  its  mouth.  The  presence  of  several  perishable  objects  in  the  grave 
suggest  it  to  be  modern,  but  no  objects  of  white  manufacture  were  found. 
This  is  the  only  object  indicating  the  sort  of  bow  used  in  this  region  and 
with  the  exception  of  the  chipped  points  previously  described,  some  of  which 
were  undoubtedly  for  arrows,  is  the  only  archaeological  object  tending  to 
prove  the  use  of  the  bow.  It  will  be  remembered  ^  that  fragments  of  a  bow 
of  lenticular  cross  section  ornamented  with  parallel  irregularly  arranged 
cuneiform  incisions,  were  found  in  a  grave  near  Nicola  Lake  in  the  Thomp- 
son River  region  and  that  pieces  of  wood,  some  of  which  may  have  been  part 
of  a  bow,  were  found  in  a  grave  at  the  mouth  of  Nicola  Lake ;  also  that  pieces 
of  wood  found  at  Kamloops  resemble  a  bow  of  the  type  shown  in  Fig.  220 
of  Mr.  Teit's  paper  on  the  present  Thompson  Indians.* 

In  the  Nez  Perce  "region  to  the  east,  war  clubs  with  heads  made  of  un- 
worked  river  boulders,  according  to  Spinden,^  were  sometimes  used  in 
killing  game  and  such  may  have  been  the  case  in  this  region. 

Snares.  Fragments  of  thongs,  skin,  fur  and  woodpecker  feathers 
merely  suggest  methods  of  hunting  or  trapping  which  are  not  j^roven  by  any 
of  our  finds.  It  is  barely  possible  although  not  probable  that  the  bone  tubes 
considered  to  have  been  used  in  gambling  and  illustrated  in  Figs.  97  and  98 
and  also  the  perforated  cylinder  of  serpentine  shown  in  Fig.  99  may  be 
portions  of  snares.  Traps  and  snares  of  various  kinds  were  common  among 
the  Indians  of  the  larger  plateau  area  of  which  this  is  a  part." 

Mr.  J.  S.  Cotton  informs  me  that  in  the  vicinity  of  ]Mr.  Turner's  home. 
Section  6,  Town  north  IS,  Range  40  east,  on  Rock  Creek,  aliout  six  miles 
below  Rock  I.,ake.  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  graves  described  on  j).  140  and 
the  so-called  fort  mentioned  on  p.  82,  there  is  a  long  line  of  stones  running 
from  Rock  Creek  in  a  southeasterly  direction  across  the  coule  to  a  small  draw 
on  the  other  side.     This  chain  of  rocks  is  about  five  miles  long.     The  stones 

1  Spinden,  p.  189  and  Fig.  5*,  'o,  ". 

2  Spinden,  p.  227. 

3  Smith,  (c),  p.  411. 

4  Teit,  (a),  Fig.  216. 

5  Spinden,  p.  188  and  227,  also  Fig.  5^. 
0  Lewis,  p.  182. 


30  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

have  evidently  sunk  into  the  u'round  and  show  signs  of  having  been  their  a 
long  time.  Thcv  have  been  in  the  same  condition  since  about  1874  when  first 
seen  bv  the  whites,  even  the  oldest  Indians  claiming  to  know  nothing  about 
them.  According  to  Lewis,  game  was  surrounded  and  driven  in  by  a  large 
number  of  hunters  or  was  run  down  bv  horses,  in  the  great  area  of  which 
this  is  j)art.'  It  seems  altogether  probable  that  a  line  of  stone  heaps  may 
have  been  made  to  serve  either  as  a  line  of  scarecrows,  possibly  to  support 
flags  or  similar  objects,  which  would  have  the  effect  of  a  fence  to  direct  the 
Hight  of  the  game  or  as  a  guide  to  enable  the  hunters  to  drive  the  game 
towards  a  precipice  where  it  would  be  killed,  or  a  corral  where  it  would  be 
impounded. 

Notched  Sinkers.  Sinkers  for  fish  nets  or  lines  were  made  of  disk-shaped 
river  pebbles.  A  pebble  and  the  different  types  of  sinkers  are  shown  in  Fig. 
13.  These  w'ere  numerous  on  the  surface  of  the  beach  of  the  Columl)ia 
River  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.  They  have  two  or  four  notches  chipped 
from  each  side  in  the  edges.  When  there  are  two,  the  notches  are  usually 
at  each  end ;  when  there  are  four,  they  are  at  the  end  and  side  edges.  Some- 
times, the  notches  are  so  crudely  made  that  the  edge  of  the  pebble  is  simply 
roughened  so  that  a  string  tied  about  it  at  this  place  would  hold.  One  of 
these  sinkers  from  Priest  Rapids  was  seen  in  Mr.  Mires'  collection. 

Grooved  Sinkers.  Some  large  thick  pebbles  have  grooves  pecked  around 
their  shortest  circumference.  They  may  have  been  used  as  canoe  smashers 
or  anchors,  but  seem  more  likely  to  be  net  sinkers.  Two  of  these  are  shown 
in  Figs.  14  and  15.  They  are  from  Priest  Rapids  and  arc  in  the  collection 
of  Mr.  Mires.  Both  are  battered  along  the  lower  edge,  from  the  groove  on 
the  left  to  within  a  very  short  distance  of  it  on  the  right  and  over  a  consider- 
able portion  of  the  edge  of  the  top.  In  the  second  specimen,  this  battering 
forms  a  considerable  groove  on  the  lowtn-  edge,  but  a  groove  only  the  size  of 
those  shown  in  the  illustration  on  the  u])i)er  edge.  This  battering  suggests 
that  they  may  have  l)een  used  as  hammers,  but  the  battered  ends  of  hammers 
are  not  often  grooved.  There  are  certain  grooves  ])ecked  on  one  side  of  each 
which  seem  to  be  of  a  decorative  or  ceremonial  significance  and  are  conse- 
quently discussed  on  ]).  132  under  the  section  devoted  to  art.  The  first 
specimen  is  made  of  granite  or  yellow  (juartzite  with  mica,  the  second  is  of 
granite  or  yellowish  gray  (piartz  with  augite  and  feldspar.  One  specimen 
similar  to  these  two,  but  without  any  decoration  oi'gi'ooving  (202-81  ICi)  A\as 
found  hy  us  on  the  beach  at  Kennewiek  as  was  also  a  large  pebble  grooved 
nearly  around  the  shortest  circumference  (202-8332)  at  Priest  Rapids. 
One  object  of  tliis  tvpe  made  of  a  liouMei'  l)nt  gi'ooved  ai'onnd  the  longest 


»  Lewis,  p.  182;  Ross,  (aj,  p.  :{16;  De  Smet  III,  p.  1026;    Lewis  and  Clark,  IV,  p.  371. 


Fig.  13. 


I'ig.  14. 

Fig.  13  a  (202-8296),  b  (202-8318),  c  (202-8313),  d  (202-8330).  Pebble  and  Net 
Sinkers  made  of  Pebble.s.  From  tbe  surface  of  the  bank  of  Columbia  l^ivcr,  near  tlie  liead 
of  Priest  Rapids,     i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  14.  Sinker,  a  Grooved  Boulder  bearing  a  l^esigu  in  Intaglio.  From  Priest  Rapids. 
i  nat.  size.     (Drawn  from  photograph  44536,  9-2.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires.) 


32  Anthropological  Papers  American   Museum   of  Xatuiul  Ilistonj.    [\o\.  \l, 

circumference  was  seen  in  Mr.  ( )\v('n's  collection.  It  was  found  on  the  bank 
of  the  Columbia  River  two  miles  below  Pasco.  The  specimen  described  on 
]).  GO  which  has  a  notch  pecked  in  each  side  edge  and  is  battered  slightly 
on  one  end  may  have  been  used  as  a  net  sinker,  although  it  has  been  con- 
sidered a  hammer.  This  specimen  (202-8214)  in  a  way  resembles  the  small 
flat  notched  sinkers  except  that  the  notch  is  pecked  instead  of  chipped  and 
that  it  is  larger  and  thicker  in  proportion.  Other  specimens  which  are 
considered  as  net  sinkers,  anchors  or  "canoe  smashers"  instead  of  being 
grooved,  are  perforated  l)y  a  hole  which  tapers  from  each  side  and  has 
apparently  been  made  by  pecking.  Sometimes  this  hole  is  in  the  center, 
while  in  other  cases  it  passes  through  one  end.  Fig.  IG  illustrates  such  a 
specimen.  It  was  found  at  Priest  Rapids  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
iNIires.  It  is  made  from  a  river  pebble  of  yellowish -gray  volcanic  rock. 
The  perforation  is  in  the  broadest  end.  A  similar  specimen  perforated  near 
one  end  and  one  pierced  near  the  middle  were  seen  in  ]Mr.  Owen's  collection. 
He  believes  that  these  were  used  for  killing  fish,  an  Indian  having  told  him 
that  such  stones  were  thrown  at  the  fish  and  retrieved  with  a  cord  which  was 
tied  through  the  hole.  Probably  all  of  these  were  sinkers  for  nets  or  at  least 
anchors  for  the  ends  of  nets,  set  lines  or  for  small  boats. 

Sinkers  were  not  seen  by  us  among  archaeological  finds  in  the  Thompson 
River  region  but  Mr.  James  Teit  has  informed  the  writer  of  their  use  there 
on  both  nets  and  lines,  particularly  on  the  former.  Nets,  excepting  the  bag 
net,  were  very  little  used  in  the  Kamloops-Lytton  region  along  the  Thom})son 
River  and  that  may  account  for  a  scarcity  of  sinkers  among  archaeological 
finds.  Nets  were  more  extensively  used  on  the  Fraser  River,  but  were  very 
much  used  near  large  lakes  and  consequently  one  w  ould  expect  to  find  sinkers 
in  the  vicinity  of  such  places  as  Kamlooj)s,  Shushwai),  Anderson,  Seaton, 
Lillooet,  Nicola,  Kootenay  and  Arrow  Lakes.  Now,  as  the  Shushwa])  gen- 
erally made  little  bags  of  netting  in  which  they  jnit  their  sinkers  to  attach 
them  to  nets,  this  woidd  greatly  militate  against  th(>  finding  of  grooved, 
notched  or  ])erforatcd  sinkers  in  the  Shushwap  pari  of  this  region.  'Wvy 
])robably  thought  this  method  was  more  cfi'eclive  or  took  \\\)  less  time  than 
notching,  grooving  or  perforating  stones,  and  attaching  lines  to  them.  It  is 
unknown  which  of  these  methods  is  the  most  ])riniitive.  I'nworkcd  pcl)l)les, 
chosen  for  their  special  adjiptation  in  sh;i])e,  and  others  grooved  or  ])er- 
forated  were  used  in  soni<'  parts  of  the  interior  of  British  Colnnibia  for  sink- 
ers which  were  not  enclosed  in  netting.  I'nworked  pebbles  attached  to 
lines  have  been  seen  in  use  among  tlie  Thompson  Uiver  Indians  by  Mr. 
Teit  who  sent  a  s])(vimen  of  one  to  the  Museum.'     Tliese  were  of  various 


I  Teit,  (a),  Fig.  234. 


1910.1 


Smith,   The   Yakima   ]' alley. 


33 


Fig.  15. 


Fig.  16. 

Fig.  15.  Sinker,  a  Grooved  Boulder  bearing  a  Design  in  Intaglio.  From  Priest  Rapids. 
i  nat.  size.     (.Drawn  from  photograph  44536,  9-2.     Original  in  tlie  collection  of  Mr.  Mires.) 

Fig.  16.  Sinker,  a  Perforated  Bjulder.  From  Priest  R.ipids.  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from 
photograph  44535,  9-1.     Origlnul  in  the  callectijn  of  Mr.  Mires.) 


34  Anthro})oloyical  Papers  American  Muaeum  of  Natural  History.    [\'ol.  VI, 

shapes,  some  of  them  being  egg-shaped.  A  deeply  notched  oval  ]:»el)ble 
was  found  on  the  site  of  an  old  semi-subterranean  winter  house  on  the  west 
side  of  Fraser  River  at  the  mouth  of  Churn  Creek  in  the  country  of  the 
Fraser  River  division  of  the  Shushwap.  The  Thomi)son  Indians  said  it 
had  been  intended  for  a  war  ax  and  accordingly  one  of  them  mounted  it  in  a 
handle.  It  is  now  cat.  No.  16-9073  in  this  Museum.  ]Mr.  Teit  believes  the 
stone  to  be  too  heavy  for  a  war  club  of  any  kind  and  that  possibly  it  may 
originally  have  been  a  sinker,  although  it  is  chipped  more  than  necessary 
for  the  latter.  In  1908,  he  saw  a  perforated  sinker  found  near  the  outlet  of 
Kootenay  I^ake,  on  the  borders  of  the  Lake  division  of  the  Colville  tribe  and 
the  Flat-bow  or  Kootenay  I^ake  branch  of  the  Kootenay  tribe.  It  was 
made  of  a  smooth  fiat  water-worn  beach  pebble  132  mm.  long  by  75  nnn.  wide 
and  25  mm.  thick.  The  perforation  was  drilled  from  both  sides  near  the 
slightly  narrower  end  and  a  groove  extended  from  it  over  the  nearest  end 
where  it  formed  a  notch  somewhat  deeper  than  the  groove.  Mr.  Teit  heard 
that  several  such  sinkers  had  been  picked  up  around  Kootenay  Lake  and 
also  along  the  Arrow  Lakes  of  the  Columbia  River  on  the  borders  of  the 
Shushwap  and  Lake  divisions  of  the  Colville  tribe. 

In  the  Nez  Perce  region  ^  to  the  east,  no  sinkers  were  used  witli  fish  lines, 
but  roughly  grooved  river  boulders  were  employed  as  net  sinkers.-  A  grooved 
sinker  has  been  found  at  Comox,  grooved  stones  which  may  have  been  used 
as  sinkers  occur  at  Saanich,  on  the  west  coast  of  Washington  and  the  lower 
Columbia.  On  the  coast  of  Washington  some  of  them  have  a  second 
groove  at  right  angles  to  the  first  which  in  some  cases  extends  only  half  way 
around;  that  is,  from  the  first  groove  over  one  end  to  meet  the  groove  on  the 
opposite  side.  One  of  the  specimens  found  at  Saanich  was  of  this  general 
type.  Perforated  s])ecimens  have  been  found  in  \\\c  l^'raser  Delta,^  at 
Coniox,*  at  Saanich,*  Point  Gray,*  Marietta,*  at  Gray's  Harbor  and  in  the 
Lower  Columbia  Valley.  ( )n  the  wliole,  however,  sinkers  are  much  more 
numerous  in  the  Yakima  region  than  on  the  Coast.  The  fish  bones  which 
were  found,  as  mentioned  under  resources,  tend  to  corroborate  the  theory 
that  the  notched,  grooved  and  j)erforated  jiebbles  were  net  sinkers  and  that 
the  bone  barbs  were  for  harpoons  used  in  fishing. 

Shell  Heaps.  Small  hea])s  of  fresh  Water  clam  shells,  as  before  men- 
tioned among  the  resources  of  the  region  on  ]>.  22,  were  seen;  but  ihese 
being  only  about  five  feet  in  diameter  and  (wo  or  three  inches  thick  arc  hardly 
comparal)le  to  ihr  immense  shell  heajjs  of  the  coast.     These  fresji  water 


>  Spiiiden,  p.  210. 

'  Spiiiden,  pp.  188  and  211. 

3  Smith,  (a).  Fig.  22. 

*  Smith,  (h),  p.  311,  3.38,  362,  369. 


■[910.]  Sniitit,   The  Yakima  Valley.  35 

shells  were  probably  secured  from  the  river  near  by,  where  such  moUusks 
now  live.  Shell  fish  probably  formed  only  a  small  part  of  the  diet  of  the 
people  although  dried  sea  clams  may  have  been  secured  from  the  coast  by 
bartering.  The  objects  made  of  sea  shell  mentioned  among  the  resources 
of  this  region  as  probably  secured  from  the  coast  through  channels  of  trade, 
suggest  that  the  same  method  Avas  employed  for  obtaining  certain  food 
products  from  a  distance.  In  fact,  Lewis  and  Clark  inform  us  that  the 
tribes  of  this  general  region  carried  on  considerable  trade  with  those  of  the 
lower  Columbia.  Shell  heaps  of  this  character,  however,  are  found  in  the 
Nez  Perce  region.  Spinden  '  states  that  no  shell  heaps  except  of  very  small 
size  are  found,  but  occasionally  those  of  a  cubic  foot  or  more  in  size  are  seen 
in  the  loamy  banks  of  the  rivers,  noting  a  few  near  the  junction  of  the  South 
and  Middle  forks  of  Clearwater  River,  and  also  near  the  confluence  of  the 
North  fork  with  the  Clearw-ater.  These  seem  to  be  the  remains  of  single 
meals  that  had  been  buried  or  cast  into  holes. 

Digging  Sticks.  The  gathering  of  roots  is  suggested  by  the  presence  of 
digging  stick  handles.  One  of  these  (Fig.  126)  is  made  of  the  horn  of  a 
rockv  mountain  sheep  and  was  secured  from  an  Indian  woman  living  near 
Union  Gap  below  Old  Yakima.  The  perforation,  near  the  middle  of  one 
side  for  the  reception  of  the  end  of  the  digging  stick,  is  nearly  square  but 
has  bulging  sides  and  rounded  corners.  The  smaller  end  of  the  object  is 
carved,  apparently  to  represent  the  head  of  an  animal.  Similar  handles, 
some  of  them  of  wood,  others  of  antler  and  with  perforations  of  the  same 
shape,  were  seen  in  ]Mr.  Janeck's  collection.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
such  digging  stick  handles  made  of  antler  were  found  in  the  Thompson 
River  region  among  both  archaeological  finds  and  living  natives,-  the  archae- 
ological specimens  being  of  antler,  the  modern  handles  of  wood  or  horn. 

The  digging  stick  was  one  of  the  most  necessary  and  characteristic  im- 
plements of  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east,  the  handle  consisting  of  a  piece 
of  bone  or  horn  perforated  in  the  middle  for  the  reception  of  the  end  of  the 
digging  stick,  or,  according  to  Spinden,  an  oblong  stone  with  a  transverse 
groove  in  the  middle  lashed  at  right  angles  to  the  stick.^  No  archaeological 
specimens  which  are  certainly  digging  stick  handles  were  found  on  the  coast. 

No  sa])  scraj^ers  such  as  wvrv  collected  in  the  Thompson  River  region  * 
were  identified  and  they  have  not  been  recognized  among  specimens  from  the 
coast. 

Bashetnj.     The  gathering  of  l)erries  as  well  as  of  roots  is  suggested  by 


1  Spinden,  ]).  177. 

2  Smith,  (d),  p.  137:    (c),  p.  411;   Teit,  (a),  p.  231. 

3  Spinden,  p.  200,  Fig.  33,  Plate  vii. 
*  Smith,  (c),  p.  411. 


36 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Hidory.    [\'ol.  VI, 


fragments  of  baskets  which  have  liccii  found.     ( )ne  of  these  is  shown  in  Fig. 17. 

It  was  found  in  grave  No.  10  (5)  in  a  roek-slide  about 
a  half  mile  above  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River. 
It  is  coiled  with  splint  foundation  and  bifurcated 
stitch.  Judging  from  other  baskets  of  the  same 
kind,  it  was  probably  once  imbricated.  This  tyj^e 
of  basketry  is  widely  distributed  towards  the  north 
and  with  grass  foundation  is  even  found  in  Siberia. • 
Commonly  the  coiled  basketry  in  the  Xez  Perce 
region  to  the  east  was  made  with  bifurcated  stitch,- 
by  means  of  a  sharpened  awl  which  was  the  only 
instrument  used  in  weaving  it.  Some  were  im- 
bricated, although  this  style  has  not  been  made  for 
many   years,   and  only   a  few   of   the   older  natives 

remember    women    who   could  make  them.^     Some  similar  basketry  of  a 

finer  technique  was   found  with  this  fragment. 


Fig.  17  I20i'-S161)- 
Fragment  of  Coiled  Bas- 
ket of  Splint  Foundation 
and  Bifurcated  Stitch 
From  grave  No.  10  (5)  in 
a  rock-slide  about  Iialf  a 
mile  above  the  rnoutli  of 
Naches  River.    ^  nat.  size. 


Preparation  of  Food. 

Mortars.  Mortars  made  of  stone  for  crushing  food,  such  as  dried  salmon, 
other  meat  and  berries,  were  not  unconnnon  in  this  region  and  pestles  of  tlie 
same  material  were  numerous.     Flat  oval  ])ebbles  were  found  scattered  on 


Fig.  18  (202-8394).  Fragment  of  a  Mortar  ma<le  of  Stone.  From  among  covering  liould- 
ers  of  grave  No.  42  (4)  of  adult  in  sand  at  the  western  edge  of  (Columbia  lliviT  about  twelve  miles 
above  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids,     i  nat.  size. 


1  Jochelson,  p.  632. 

2  Spinden,  194. 

3  Spinden,  p.  193. 


1910.]  Smith,   The   Yakima  Valle>j.  37 

the  surface  of  a  villacje  site  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Columbia  at  the  head  of 
Priest  Rapids,  and  were  probably  used  as  lap  stones  or  as  objects  upon  which 
to  crush  food.  A  somewhat  circular  one  (202-8295)  about  230  mm.  in 
diameter  has  a  notch,  formed  by  chipping  from  one  side,  opposite  one  natur- 
ally water-'W'orn,  which  sup-gests  that  it  may  have  been  used  as  a  sinker;  but 
it  seems  more  likely  that  it  was  simply  an  anvil  or  lap  stone.  Similar  pebbles 
were  used  in  the  Thompson  River  region/  some  of  them  having  indications 
of  pecking  or  a  slight  pecked  depression  in  the  middle  of  one  or  both  sides. 
In  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east,  basketry  funnels  were  used  in  connection 
with  flat  stones  for  mortars.  These  funnels  were  of  rather  crude  coil 
technique."  Another  specimen  (202-8292b)  found  at  the  same  place  is 
merely  a  water-worn  boulder  somewhat  thinner  at  one  end  than  at  the  other, 
the  surface  of  which  apparently  has  been  rubbed  from  use  as  a  mortar  or 
milling  stone.     A  few  large  chips  have  been  broken  from  the  thinner  edge. 


Fig.  19.  Mortar  made  of  Stone.  From  the  Yakima  Heservation  near  Union  Gap.  J  nat 
size.     (Drawn  from  photograph  44455,  2-4.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeclc.) 

Still  another  specimen  (202-8294)  from  here  is  a  fragment  of  a  pebble  only 
120  mm.  in  diameter  with  a  saucer-shaped  depression  about  10  mm.  dec]),  in 
the  top. 

A  somewhat  disk-shaped  pebble  of  gray  lava  295  mm.  in  diameter  with  a 
saucer-sha])ed  depression  in  the  top  and  a  large  pecked  pit  in  the  bottom 
(20.0-3344)  was  collected  at  Fort  Simcoe  by  Dr.  H.  J.  Spinden.  A  fragment 
of  a  mortar  about  190  mm.  in  diameter  with  a  nearly  flat  or  slightly  convex 
base  and  a  depression  50  mm.  (\vc])  in  the  top  (202-8293)  was  foimd  on  the 
surface  near  the  licad  of  Priest  Rapids  aitd  another  fragment  nearly  twice  as 
large,  the  base  of  which  is  concave  over  most  of  its  surface  and  shows  marks 
of  pecking,  a])parently  the  result  of  an  attem})t  to  make  it  either  quit(»  flat 
or  concave  like  many  other  mortars  that  have  a  concavity  in  each  side,  is 
shown  in  Fig.  IS.     it  was  found  among  the  covering  boulders  of  the  grave 


1  Smitli,  (d),  p.  139. 

2  Cf.  Spinden,  p.  194. 


38 


Anthropological  Papers   American    Museum   of  Natural  History.    [Yo].  \I, 


of  an  adult,  Xo.  42(4),  in  the  sand  at  the  western  edge  of  the  Columbia  River 
about  twelve  miles  above  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.  The  mortar  shown  in 
Fig.  19,  is  hollowed  in  the  toj)  of  a  symmetrieal,  nearly  circular  ])ebble  and 
has  a  convex  base.  It  was  found  on  the  Yakima  Reservation  near  Union 
Gap  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.^  This  reminds  us  of  a  similar 
mortar  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region,-  but  such  simple  mortars  made 
from  pebbles  are  rarely  found  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east.^     The 

mortar  shown  in  Fig.  20  also  from  the 
same  place  and  in  the  same  collection 
has  a  nearly  flat  base  and  three  encircling 
These  grooves  find  their  coun- 


grooves. 


Fig.  20.  Mortar  made  of  Stone.  From 
the  Yakima  Reservation  near  Union 
Gap.  i  nat  size.  (Drawn  from  photo- 
graph 44455,  2-4.  Original  in  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  Janeclv.) 


terpart  in  four  encircling  incisions  on 
the  little  mortar  found  in  the  Thompson 
River  region.'^ 

The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  116, 
which  may  be  considered  as  a  dish 
rather  than  a  mortar,  was  seen  in  the 
collection  of  Mrs.  Hinman  who  obtained 
it  from  Priest  Rapids.  It  is  apparently 
of  sandstone,  150  mm.  in  diameter,  50 
mm.  high,  the  upper  part  being  38  nun. 
high  and  of  di.sk  .sha])e  with  slightly  bulging  sides  which  are  decorated  with 
incised  lines,''  the  lower  part  being  also  roughly  disk  shaped  ()4  mm.  by  7() 
mm.  in  diameter  by  about  12  mm.  high  with  slightly  convex  bottom  and 
edges  curved  out  to  the  base  of  the  up])er  part.  There  is  a  disk  shaj^cd  dish 
in  the  top  100  mm.  in  diamettM'  by  12  mm.  in  depth. ^ 

The  animal  form  shown  in  Fig.  125  bears  a  mortar  or  dish  in  its  back. 
The  object  is  203  mm.  in  length,  SS  mm.  high  and  113  mm.  wide.  'J'he 
length  of  the  bowl  is  88  mm.,  the  width  70  mm.,  and  the  depth  38  m\n. 
The  object  is  made  of  ])<)r()us  lava  and  was  secured  from  ;iii  Indian  anIio 
claimed  to  have  found  it  in  a  grave  near  Fort  Simcoe  on  the  \'akini;i  Reserva- 
tion two  miles  b(4ow  I'nion  (Ja])  which  is  immediately  below  (  )1(1  Yakima.^ 
It  seems  strange  that  so  many  of  the  mortars  are  bi'okcn  sinee  they  would 


1  Museum  negative  no.  44455,  2-4. 

2  Smith,  (c),  Fig.  .342. 

3  Spinden.  Figs.  20  and  22,  Plate  vi. 
<  Mu.seum  negative  no.  44455.  4-2. 

6  Smitli,  (c).  Fig.  343. 
6  See  p.  125. 

^  Museum  negative  no.  44537,  9-3. 

8  Here  reproduced  from  photographs  44452,  2-1,  44455,  2-4,  and  44503,  6-4  and  the 
original  which  is  catalogue  no.  36  in  tlie  collection  of  Mr.  .Janeck. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  39 

be  hard  to  break.  It  will  be  remembered  that  one  of  the  broken  mortars 
came  from  a  grave  and  it  may  be  that  the  others  were  on  or  in  graves  but 
had  been  removed  in  some  way.  My  general  impression  is  that  mortars 
are  much  more  numerous  among  archaeological  finds  both  in  this  region  and 
in  the  interior  of  British  Columbia  than  on  the  coast. 

Pestles.  In  addition  to  the  probable  use  of  pestles  with  flat  stones  or 
mortars  with  basket  funnels,  some  of  them,  especially  where  nearly  flat  or 
concave  on  the  striking  head  as  in  the  Thompson  River  region  to  the  north 
and  on  the  coast  may  also  have  been  used  as  hammers  for  driving  wedges, 
splitting  wood  and  like  industries,  if  indeed  they  were  not  made  solely  for 
the  latter  uses.  Some  of  the  pestles  differ  from  those  found  either  to  the 
north  or  on  the  coast,  many  of  them  being  much  longer,  although  Mr. 
James  Teit  informs  me  that  very  long  pestles  are  occasionally  found  in  the 
Thompson  River  region.  He  has  seen  four,  and  heard  of  one  or  two  more. 
One  two  feet  long  was  found  in  the  Nicola  Valley  about  1905.  One  of  the 
pestles  of  the  Yakima  Valley  has  a  top  in  the  form  of  an  animal  hoof,  as  is 
shown  in  Fig.  124.  Others  like  animal  heads  are  shown  in  Figs.  31,  33-35. 
The  range  of  forms  of  pestles  is  shown  in  Figs.  21  to  35.  The  specimens 
shown  in  Figs.  22  to  28  inclusive  are  apparently  all  of  the  shorter  type, 
while  those  shown  in  the  remaining  figures  are  variations  of  the  longer  type. 
By  far  the  greater  number  of  pestles,  about  forty,  are  of  the  type  shown  in 
Fig.  21,  and  of  these  two  thirds  come  from  the  vicinity  of  Priest  Rapids. 
They  are  merely  natural  pebbles,  all  more  or  less  of  suitable  size,  shape  and 
material,  Mdiich  have  been  used  as  pestles  until  one  end  has  become  flattened. 
Some  of  them  are  also  flattened  on  the  toj),  the  battered  ends  often  giving 
the  only  indication  that  they  were  used.  Such  as  were  not  of  exactly  the 
right  form  for  grasping  have  had  their  excrescences  or  the  more  projecting 
surfaces  removed  by  pecking.  A  few  of  these  objects  seem  to  have  been 
made  from  small  basaltic  columns,  the  corners  of  which  have  been  pecked 
into  a  more  suitable  shape.  Some  of  them  have  been  pecked  so  that  they 
taper  gradually  from  the  small  upper  end  to  the  base.  The  specimen  con- 
sidered as  a  "slave-killer"  and  shown  in  Fig.  69,  may  have  been  used  as  a 
pestle.  Simple  short  cylindrical  or  conoid  pebbles,  only  slightly  changed 
from  their  natural  form,  are  used  for  })estles  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the 
east.^ 

A  pebble  559  mm.  long  by  152  mm.  wide  and  114  mm.  thick,  with 
rounded  corners  and  ends,  found  by  Mr.  John  I^acy  near  the  Yakima  River 
in  North  Yakima,  has  longitudinal  grooves  pecked  in  three  sides  to  where 
they  begin  to  round  over  to  form  the  end,  anrl  a  similar  groove,  except  that 


1  Cf.  Spiiulen,  Figs.  1-4,  and  8,  Plate  vin. 


40 


Anthropological  Papers  American   Muscian  of  Xntural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 


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1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  41 

it  is  only  about  101  mm.  long,  in  the  middle  of  the  fourth  side.'  These 
grooves  were  probably  made  as  part  of  a  process  of  grooving  and  battering 
down  the  intervening  ridges  in  order  to  bring  the  specimen  into  a  desired 
form.  Similarly  grooved  pebbles  found  on  the  northern  part  of  Vancouver 
Island  were  explained  to  Professor  Franz  Boas  as  having  been  implements 
in  such  process  of  manufacture.  So  far  as  I  am  aware,  Prof.  Boas'  announce- 
ment of  this  at  a  meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  was  the  first  explanation  of  the  sort  of  grooving  or  fluting  of  speci- 
mens found  in  northwestern  America.  One  similar  large  specimen  (20.0- 
3343)  found  at  Lewiston,  Idaho,  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  by  Dr.  H.  J.  Spinden, 
bears  two  longitudinally  pecked  grooves  in  addition  to  pecking  on  much 
of  its  surface.  A  yellowish  gray  boulder  about  349  mm.  long,  nearly  cir- 
cular in  sections  and  with  rounded  ends,  from  Priest  Rapids,  bears  a  pecked 
groove  82  mm.  long  by  31  mm.  ^^ide  and  6  mm.  deep  across  the  middle  of 
one  side.  This  may  have  been  made  to  cut  it  into  the  length  desired  for 
a  pestle.-  This  specimen  is  much  too  large  to  be  considered  as  the  handle 
of  a  digging  stick,  similar  to  the  object  from  the  Nez  Perce  region  considered 
as  such  by  Spinden.^ 

The  object  shown  in  Fig.  22,  one  of  those  from  the  surface  near  the  head 
of  Priest  Rapids,  judging  from  the  battered  end,  has  apparently  been  used  as 
a  pestle,  yet  it  is  still  apparently  in  process  of  manufacture  into  a  form  some- 
what like  that  shown  in  Fig.  27.  The  pecking  at  the  top  is  possibly  the 
result  of  an  attem])t  to  remove  that  jjortion  of  the  rock,  while  the  transversely 
pecked  surface  seems  to  be  a  beginning  towards  the  formation  of  the  shaft 
of  the  pestle,  whereas  the  longitudinal  groove  between  these  two  surfaces  was 
necessary  to  reduce  an  excrescence  on  the  rim  of  what  was  apparently  intended 
to  be  the  knob  at  the  top  of  the  pestle.  If  this  supposition  be  true,  when 
finished,  this  object  would  have  a  large  striking  head  resembling  more  in 
shape  and  size  those  of  the  pestles  of  the  region  near  The  Dalles  than  any 
yet  found  in  this  region.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  23  is  much  more 
clearly  an  unfinished  pestle.  The  ends  are  pecked  flat  and  the  entire  middle 
section  has  been  ])ecked,  apparently  to  reduce  it  to  the  desired  size  of  the 
shaft.  It  seems  that  the  striking  head  of  this  specimen,  when  finished, 
would  be  rather  short.'  It  was  found  on  the  surface  eight  miles  above  the 
head  of  Priest  Rapids. 

The  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  24  has  a  conoid  body  with  no  striking  head  and 
in  this  respect  resembles  the  pestles  of  the  Thompson  River  country;  '  l>n( 

'   In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck  and   Museum  negative  nos.  44453,  2-2  and  44501,  6-2. 

2  In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires,  and  Museum  negative  no.  44534,  8-12. 

3  Cf.  Spinden,  Plate  vii,  Fig.  33. 
*  Smith,  (c).  Fig.  341. 


42  Attlhro-pological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

the  top  is  roujjhiy  disk-shaped,  being  neither  hat-shaped  nor  in  tlu>  form  of 
an  animal  head,  as  are  most  pestles  of  the  Thompson  region  nor  is  it  exaetly 
of  the  shape  of  the  ty])ical  pestles  of  northern  and  western  ^'anc()uver  Island.' 
The  material  is  a  soft  gray  stone  whieh  shows  the  marks  of  the  peeking  by 
means  of  whieh  it  was  shaped. 

Fig.  25  illustrates  a  pestle,  the  toj)  of  whieh  is  broken  off.     There  are 
two  grooves  eneircling  the  somewhat  eylindrical  striking  head.     The  material 


Fig.  24.  Fig.  25. 

Fig.  24.  Pestle  made  of  Stone.  From  Priest  Rapids.  ^  nat.  size.  (Draw  ii  from  photo- 
grapli  44.5.3.5,  9-1.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires.) 

Fig.  2.5.  Pestle  made  of  Stone.  From  Priest  Rapids.  ^  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  photo- 
graph 44535,  9-1.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires.) 

is  a  light  hliK'  haul  porphoiilic  rock.  These  Iwo  spreimens  are  from  Priest 
Rapids.-  The  pestle  .shown  in  Fig.  2()  is  from  the  Yakima  River,  five  miles 
below  Old  Yakima.  Jt  has  a  hat-.sha])e(l  top  and  a  cylindrical  striking  head 
a  little  larger  at  the  to])  than  at  the  bottom,  is  somewhat  like  the  ty])ical 
pestles  of  the  Tliom])soii  lii\(r  region,'  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  ^'ork. 
Another  has  ii  slightly  widn-  lnim  lo  the  hai-shaixd  to]),  a  body  concave  in 
outline  and  the  striking  head  is  larger  at  the  top  than  al  tlie  bottom,  while  a 


1  Smith,  (b),  Fig.  126a. 

2  In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires,  and  Museum  negative  no.  44535,  9-1. 

3  Smith,  (d),  p.  138. 


1910.]  Smith,   The   Yakima   Valley.  43 

third  has  a  medium  sized  brim,  a  body  bulging  in  the  middle  and  a  long 
cylindrical  striking  head.  The  last  two  specimens  are  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  Janeck,  and  are  from  the  Yakima  Valley  within  eight  miles  of  North 
Yakima.^ 

The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  27  was  found  in  a  grave  with  beads  and 
resembles  the  typical  pestles  of  Lytton  except  that  it  has  no  nii)ple  on  the  top, 
which  is  of  the  shape  of  the  tops  of  the  typical  pestles  of  northern  and  western 
Vancouver  Island.  Another  of  nearly  the  same  shape  but  less  regular  was 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  Yakima  Valley  within  eight  miles  of  North 
Yakima.  A  third  specimen  234  mm.  long,  also  found  within  the  above 
mentioned  limits,  is  made  of  a  concavely  flaring  pebble.  A  groove  is  pecked 
part  way  around  near  the  top  as  if  to  carve  the  knob  and  begin  the  reduction 
of  the  top  of  the  shaft.  There  is  also  a  pecked  surface  on  one  side  near  the 
base,  apparently  the  beginning  of  an  attempt  to  form  a  striking  head  by  first 
removing  irregularities.  The  one  shown  in  Fig.  28  was  found  within  eight 
miles  of  North  Yakima  and  is  of  rather  unusual  shape,  having  a  short  striking 
head  of  the  shape  of  the  typical  pestles  of  northern  and  western  Vancouver 
Island.  The  slightly  bulging  body  and  exceedingly  small,  nearly  fiat  knob 
at  the  top  are  entirely  different  from  those  of  the  pestles  usually  found  in 
any  of  this  area,  or  the  country  adjacent  to  it  on  the  north  and  west.  These 
four  specimens  are  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.- 

There  are  found  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  ^  short  pestles  with  dome- 
shaped  tops,  cylindrical  bodies  and  rather  long  striking  heads  of  the  form 
■of  triangular  or  quadrangular  prisms  with  rounded  corners  slightly  larger 
at  the  top  than  at  the  liottom  ^  and  such  pestles  with  hat-shaped  tops,  al- 
though one  has  a  flat  top,  slightly  expanding  shafts  and  long  striking  heads, 
larger  at  the  top  than  at  the  bottom. 

Fig.  29  is  the  first  of  those  showing  the  longei  type  of  i)estle  from  the 
Yakima  region.  This  specimen  was  found  at  Satus  on  the  Yakima  Reserva- 
tion near  Old  Yakima  and  is  in  the  collection  of  iMr.  York.  The  top  is 
somewhat  spherical  and  the  body  elongated.  Its  conoid  shape  may  class  it 
with  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  24.  It  somewhat  reminds  us  of  the  pestles  of  the 
Santa  Catalina  Islands  of  California,  but  until  we  have  a  more  definite 
knowledge  of  the  forms  in  the  vast  intervening  area,  this  resemblance  must 
be  considered  as  merely  a  coincidence,  especially  since  long  sim])le  conoid 
pestles  are  found  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east.'^     A  somewhat  similar 


1  Museum  negative  no.  44454,  2-3. 

2  Museum  negative  no.  44454,  2-3. 

3  Cf.  Spindeii,  Figs.  11,  19,  21,  23,  Plate  vi;  also  Plate  viii,  Figs.  10,  11. 
*  Spinden,  j).  186,  Plate  viii.  Fig.  9. 

6  Cf.  SpiiKlrii,  Plate  vi.  Figs.  8-10,  Plate  vin.  Fig.  6. 


44 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.    VI, 


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1910.]  Synith,   The  Yakima  Valley.  45 

pestle  in  Mr.  York's  collection  is  408  nun.  long,  and  has  a  tapering  body, 
circular  in  sections,  a  knob  at  the  top  about  the  size  of  the  base  and  a  convex 
striking  face.     It  was  found  at  Fort  Simcoe. 

The  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  30  is  made  of  sandstone,  was  found  at  Priest 
Rapids  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mrs.  Hinman.  The  shaft  is  a  long  cylinder, 
expanding  some^^'hat  towards  the  base  Avhich  is  only  slightly  convex.  Like 
the  preceding,  it  has  no  striking  head.  It  has  a  hemispherical  top,  is  un- 
usually large  and  is  decorated  with  an  encircling  line  of  circles  and  dots. 
There  is  also  a  circle  and  dot  in  the  top.  This  decoration  is  again  mentioned 
in  the  consideration  of  art  on  p.  130.^ 

The  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  31  is  355  mm.  long.  It  has  a  conoid  body 
perhaps  more  pronounced  than  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  29  but  much  less 
typical  than  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  24.  The  top  is  apparently  intended  to 
represent  an  animal  head.  It  is  made  of  very  hard  breccia  and  well  polished. 
At  each  side  of  the  lower  part  of  the  body  is  a  design  made  by  four  parallel 
zigzag  grooves,  further  discussed  on  p.  132.  It  was  found  in  the  Yakima 
Valley,  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.^  A  pestle  figured  by  Spinden, 
as  from  the  Nez  Perce  Indians,^  is  somewhat  similar  to  this  in  that  it  has  a 
knob  protruding  slightly  to  one  side,  but  there  is  a  notch  or  groove  made 
longitudinally  in  the  top  of  this  knob. 

The  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  32  might  perhaps  be  considered  as  a  war  clul). 
It  was  found  at  Priest  Rapids  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires.  The 
top  is  somewhat  flat  and  smoothed.  There  is  a  groove  around  the  specimen 
near  this  end.  From  here  it  constricts  gradually  to  the  lower  end  which  is 
broken  oft".  It  w^as  made  from  a  triangular  piece  of  gray  basalt,  ])robably 
a  column,  the  natural  angles  and  parts  of  the  faces  of  which  have  been  re- 
duced by  pecking.^ 

The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  33  from  the  Yakima  ^'alley,  is  in  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  Janeck  and  is  630  nun.  long.  The  top  apparently  represents 
an  animal  head  indicated  by  three  nipples  the  larger  of  which  is  interpreted 
as  representing  the  nose,  the  others  as  indicating  the  ears.  The  body  is  of 
circular  cross  section  and  expands  evenly  to  a  cylindrical  striking  head  70  mm. 
in  diameter  by  76  mm.  long.^ 

A  long  pestle  with  a  knol)  at  the  top  which  is  divitlcd  into  four  pyranu'dal 
or  dome-shaped  nipples  was  found  at  Five  Mile  Raj)ids  on  Snake  River  and 
was  seen  in  Mr.  Owen's  collection.     The  next  figure  represents  a  stone  pestle 


'  Museum  negative  no.  44537,  9-.3. 

2  Museuiu  negative  no.  44502,  6-3. 

^  Spinden,  Fig.  7,  Plate  viii. 

■i  Museum  negative  no.  44534,  8-12. 

6  Museum  negative  no.  44502,  6-3. 


46  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural    History.    [Vol.  VI, 


0 


Fig.  29. 


Fig.  30. 


I.   Mm 


:u. 


Fig.  29.  Pestle  made  of  Stone.  From  Satus  on  the  Yakima  Reservation  near  Old 
Yakima,     i  nat.  size.     (Drawn  from  a  sketch      Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  York.) 

Fig.  30.  Pestle  made  of  Sandstone.  From  Priest  Rapids,  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from 
photograph  44537,  9-3.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mrs.  Hinman.) 

Fig.  31.  Pestle  made  of  Stone.  From  the  Yakima  Valley,  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from 
photograph  44502,  6-3.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.) 


1910.]  Smith.   The   Yakima   Valley.  47 

of  somewhat  similar  slia})c  but  more  speeialized.  It  Avas  found  in  the 
Yakima  Valley  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.  It  is  590  mm.  long. 
The  top  is  roujihly  the  form  of  the  fustrum  of  a  cone,  being  circular  in  cross 
section  and  gradually  expanding  downward,  but  it  is  somewhat  celt-shaped, 
the  sides  for  some  distance  being  ground  off  nearly  Hat.  They  approach 
each  other  more  closely  towards  the  front  than  they  do  towards  the  back. 
In  each  of  these  surfaces  there  is  an  incision  which  represents  one  side  of  an 
animal's  mouth  and  a  pecked  dot  indicating  an  eye.  The  tip  of  the  nose  is 
broken  off.  Across  the  curved  part  behind  the  flat  surfaces  or  on  the  back  of 
this  animal  head  are  four  incisions.  Below  this  portion  the  object  is  circular 
in  section  until  near  its  middle,  or  ITS  nun.  from  the  top,  where  there  is  a 
band  roughly  sub-pentagonal  in  section  with  roimded  corners  88  mm.  long. 
Following  this  band  it  is  nearly  cylindrical,  being  57  mm.  in  diameter  for 
178  mm.  until  it  expands  suddenly  into  the  striking  head  which  is  unusually 
bulging,  108  mm.  long  by  64  mm.  in  diameter.^ 

The  object  498  mm.  long  shown  in  Fig.  35  is  made  of  steatite,  material 
seemingly  unsuited  by  its  softness  for  a  pestle,  and  may  possibly  be  a  w^ar 
club.  Mr.  jNIcCandless,  in  whose  collection  it  is,  calls  the  material  a  soft 
sandstone  which  he  says  is  found  at  the  head  of  the  Wenatchie  River.  He 
says  the  specimen  is  from  Lake  Chelan  and  that  he  obtained  it  from  a  man 
above  Wenatchie  on  the  Columbia  River.  This  man  to!d  him  that  he 
secured  it  from  Chief  Moses'  tribe  on  Lake  Chelan,  and  that  the  Indians 
there  call  it  a  war  club  and  a  family  heirloom.  The  upper  end  is  of  the  form 
of  a  truncated  pyramid  with  two  flat  sides,  two  bulging  edges  and  rounded 
corners.  It  shows  peck  marks  and  is  engraved  as  described  under  art, 
on  p.  124,  and  is  said  by  the  Indians  to  represent  the  head  of  a  snake.  The 
shaft  is  circular  in  cross  section  and  gradually  enlarges  towards  the  base 
where  it  suddenly  constricts.  The  specimen  has  been  polished  by  the 
natural  sand  blast." 

The  noise  of  the  women  at  one  of  the  Nez  Perce  villages,  pounding  roots, 
reminded  Lewis  of  a  nail  factory.^  Beyond  the  Nez  Perce  counlry  wliich 
bounds  this  area  on  the  east,  according  to  Spindcn,*  the  us(>  of  stone  pestles 
disappears  until  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  is  reached,  but  I  have  seen 
pestles  in  collections  in  Wyoming  which  are  said  to  have  been  found  in  that 
state. 

Rollers.  Another  class  of  specimens  considered  as  pestles  or  rollers  is 
shown  in  Figs.  3G  and  37.     These  do  not  seem  to  have  been  used  as  j)estles. 


1  Museum  negative  no.  44502,  6-3. 

2  Museum  negative  no.  44507,  6-8. 

3  Lewis  and  Clark,  V,  p.  16. 
■"  Spinden,  p.  187. 


48  Aiithropulugical  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Ilistonj.    [\'ol.  \'l, 


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Fig.  32.  Fig.  33.  Fig.  34. 

Fig.  32.  Pestle  made  of  Stone.  From  Priest  Rapids,  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  lioin  plioto- 
graph  44534,  8-12.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mires.) 

Fig.  33.  Pestle  made  of  Stone.  From  tlie  Yakima  Valley,  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from 
photograph  44.502,  6-3.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  .laneclc.) 

Fig.  34.  Pestle  made  of  Stone.  From  the  YaUinia  \'alley.  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from 
photograph  44502,   6-3.     Original  in  tlie  collection  of  .Mr.  Janeek.) 


1910. 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


49 


The  one  shown  in  Fig.  36  from  Priest  Rapids  is  in  the  collection  of  Mrs. 
Hinman.  The  convex  ends  of  this  cylindrical  form  present  the  natural 
surface  of  a  pebble  and  they  are  not  battered.  The  material  is  a  yellowish 
quartzite  or  closely  allied  rock.  It  is  457  mm.  long,  75  mm.  in  diameter 
and  the  entire  cylindrical  surface  has  been  pecked  apparently  to  bring  it  to 


I 


M 


:yv 


MM 


Fig.  35. 


Fig.  36. 


Fig.  37. 


Fig.  35.  Pestle  made  of  Steatite.  From  Lake  Chelan.  \  luit.  size.  (Drawn  from 
pliolograpli  44507,   6-8.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  McCandless.) 

Fig.  36.  Pestle  or  Roller  made  of  Stone.  From  Priest  Rapids.  \  nat.  size.  (Drawn 
from  photograph  44537,  9-3.     Original  in  tlie  collection  of  Mrs.  Iliinnan.^ 

Fig.  37  (202-8197).  Pestle  or  Holler  iiiadc  of  Stone.  From  the  snrface,  about  one  mile 
east  of  Fort  Simcoe.     \  nat.  size. 


50  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  HiHtonj.    [Vol.  VI, 

form.     If  it  had  been  used  as  a  pestle  the  ends  woukl  show  the  signs  of 

battering  or  grinding.     The  cyhndrical  surface  does  not  seem  to  show  any 

signs  of  its  having  been  used  as  a  roller  or  grinder.     It  may  possibly  be  a 

pestle  in  process  of  manufacture  although  it  seems  very  strange  that  so  much 

work  should  have  been  expended  on  the  cylindrical  surface  in  a  region  where 

natural  pebbles  very  nearly  of  this  shape  were  common.^     The  specimen 

shown  in  Fig.  37  is  apparently  made  of  basalt  and  was  found  on  the  surface 

about  a  mile  east  of  Fort  Simcoe.     The  ends  are  considerably  chipped  and 

one  of  them  has  apparently  been  somewhat  battered  since.     If  the  object 

were  used  as  a  pestle  the  chipping  of  the  ends  is  imusually  great.     The 

cylindrical  surface  has  been  formed  by  pecking  except  in  one  place  where  the 

natural  svirface  shows.     This  bit  of  natural  surface  is  such  that  it  suggests 

the  specimen  to  have  been  made  of  a  prismatic  basaltic  column.     While 

these  two  specimens  may  have  been  intended  for  pestles,  it  seems  possible 

that  they  were  made  for  rollers.     Several  such  objects  made  of  stone  were 

seen  in  Mr.  Owen's  collection.     He  says  that  they  were  used  like  rolling  pins 

for  crushing  camas  and  house  roots  in  making 

bread.     Both  of  these  roots  were  extensively  used 

in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east.^ 

Fish  Knives.     No  fish  knives  made  of  slate 

were  found,  as  in  the  Thompson  River  region,  at 

Fig.  38  (202-8157)     Frag-  I  ,rtton,^  rarely  at  Kamloops,  *  and  commonly  on 

ment  of  Hearth  of  Fire  Drill.  J          '              j                           i    >                        ^         J 

From  Grave  No.  10  (5)  in  a  the  coast  at  Fraser  Delta/  Comox,'"'  and  Nanaimo.^ 

rock-slide  about  half  a  mile  y^^.^   Making.      The   method    of  making  fire 

above  the  mouth  of  Naches  .... 

River.    ^  nat.  size.  formerly  employed  in  this  region  is  suggested  by 

a  fragment  of  the  hearth  of  a  fire  drill  found  in 
grave  No.  10  (5)  in  a  rock-slide  about  one  half  a  mile  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Naches  River  and  is  shown  in  Fig.  38.  It  is  made  of  porous  wood,  of  light 
cellular  structure,  possibly  cottonwood.  This  is  similar  to  the  fire  drill 
hearths  of  the  Thompson  River  region,*  where  I  have  seen  th(^  Thompson 
River  Indians  make  fire  with  the  j^alm  drill,  using  cottonwood  root  for  the 
hearth.  In  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east,  also,  fire  was  made  with  the 
palm  drill,  the  hearth  stick  being  of  the  root  of  the  light  leaved  willow  or  the 
stem  of  "smoke  wood."  It  was  of  the  shape  of  the  hearth  here  described. 
The  twirling  stick  was  made  of  the  dead  tips  of  red  fir.** 

1  Museum  negative  no.  44537,  9-3. 

2  Spindc-n,  pp.  201-203. 

3  Smith,  (d),  p.  140. 
*  Smith,  (c\  p.  414. 
3  Smith,  (a),  p.  159. 

6  Smith,  (b),  p.  315. 

7  P.  345,  ibid. 

s  Teit,  (a),  p.  203. 
»  Spinden,  p.  200. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  51 

Caches.  A  number  of  small  circular  holes  about  four  feet  in  diameter, 
encircled  by  a  slight  ridge,  as  mentioned  on  p.  15,  were  seen  which  are 
possibly  the  remains  of  ancient  food  caches.  The  Nez  Perce  Indians  in  the 
region  to  the  east  referred  to  a  field  at  Kaniiah,  near  the  mouth  of  Lawyer's 
(^reek  Avhich  has  the  appearance  of  being  "hilled"  like  an  old  hop  field,  as 
being  the  site  of  winter  cache  pits.^ 

Boiling.  Natural  pebbles  were  plentiful  in  the  river  bottoms  near  the 
village  sites.  Such  were  no  doubt  used  in  boiling  food  in  baskets  or  boxes, 
as  fragments  of  burned  and  cracked  pebbles  were  also  found  while  pottery 
was  entirely  absent.  These  facts  suggest  that  it  was  the  custom  to  boil  the 
food  in  baskets  or  even  in  boxes  as  on  the  coast  to  the  west.  This  idea  is 
strengthened  by  the  fact  that  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east,  watertight 
coiled  baskets  were  regularly  used  in  cooking.^  We  may  naturally  suppose 
that  roasting  before  open  fires  was  also  customary  in  this  region.  No 
fireplaces  such  as  were  probably  used  in  this  area  and  are  found  in  the 
Nez  Perce  region,^  were  recognized  by  us,  although  beds  of  clam  shells 
previously  mentioned,  may  indicate  the  sites  of  ancient  hearths. 


Habitations. 

Semi-siibtcrranean  House  Sites.  Sites  of  ancient  semi-subterranean 
winter  houses,  modern  lodges  and  what  may  possibly  have  been  a  shell  heap 
were  seen  and  photographed  by  us  in  this  region.  Two  of  the  examples  of 
the  remains  of  semi-subterranean  house  sites  fotind  here,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2, 
Plate  IV,  had  stones  on  top  of  the  surrounding  embankments.  Although 
on  the  top  of  the  embankments  of  the  remains  of  similar  underground  winter 
houses  in  the  Thompson  River  region,*  we  saw  no  stones  other  than  those  of 
the  soil.  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  James  Teit  that  such  are  occasionally  to 
be  found  there  also,  but  that  these  stones  are  generally  found  only  in  those 
places  where  boulders  were  removed  during  the  excavation  for  the  houses. 
He  was  told  that  it  was  the  custom  to  place  these  boulders  around  the  base 
of  the  house.  Two  semi-subterranean  winter  house  sites,  as  mentioned  on 
])p.  7  and  15,  may  be  seen  on  the  flat  along  the  north  side  of  the  Yakima 
River  about  a  mile  below  the  mouth  of  the  Naches.  On(^  of  these  may  be 
seen  in  Fig.  2,  Plate  in.''     There  arc  wat(>r-w()i'u  boulders  in  and  on  (he 


1  Spinden,  p.  181.  . 

2  Spinden,  pp.  190  and  194. 

3  Spinden,  p  178. 

1  Smith,  (d),  p.  140  and  Fig.  2,  Plate  xiii;    (c),  p. 414  . 

5  Museum  negative  no.  44517,  7-7  from  the  north.     Negati\-e  no.  44518,  7-8  shows  the 
.same  from  the  norlliwest.- 


52  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

embankments  surrounding  them.     These  boulders  were  probably  uncovered 
during  the  excavation  for  the  house.     The  holes  are  situated  within  tAventy- 
five  feet  of  the  river  and  between  it  and  the  Yakima  Ridge  which  rises  by 
perpendicular  cliffs,  almost  immediately  behind  these  winter  house  sites. 
In  fact,  the  photograph  reproduced  in  the  figure  was  taken  from  the  hill  side 
north  of  the  pit  and  just  up  stream  from  the  cliffs.     They  are  on  a  little 
terrace  about  three  feet  high  which  gives  them  the  appearance  of  having 
been  connected  by  a  ridge.     The  hole  shown  in  the  figure  measured  from  the 
top  of  the  ridge  was  nine  feet  deep.     The  top  of  the  bank  measured  at  points 
on  the  flat  between  it  and  the  river,  up  stream  from  it,  and  between  it  and  the 
hill,  was  four  feet,  two  feet,  and  two  feet,  four  inches,  respectively.     Averag- 
ing these  measurements,  the  height  of  the  embankment  above  the  level  is 
thirty-three  and  one  third  inches.     The  hole  was  so  near  the  level  of  the 
river,  and  was  so  deep  that  when  we  visited  it  on  June  18,  1903,  which  was 
during  high  water,  the  waters  of  the  Yakima  had  soaked  through  the  terrace 
and  were  about  two  feet  deep  in  the  bottom  of  the  hole  where  it  was  about 
eight  feet  in  diameter,  measuring  north  and  south.     Measuring  in  the  same 
direction  the  diameter  of  the  top  of  the  hole  from  points  inside  of  the  sur- 
rounding ridge  was  twenty-two  feet,  from  points  on  top  thirty-three  feet, 
from  points  outside  forty-seven  feet,  and  from  points  outside  of  the  wash 
from  the  ridge  fifty-one  feet.     These  measurements  give  us  twelve  and  a  half 
feet  as  an  ajjproximate  width  of  the  ridge  or  fourteen  and  a  half  feet  if  we 
measure  from  the  bottom  of  the  wash.     The  two  sites  mentioned  on  pp.  7 
and  16  were  also  examined  and  photographed  by  us.     One  is  i)lainly  shown 
from  the  north  of  west  in  Fig.  2,  Plate   iv.    They  are  located  on  a  high 
terrace  on  the  north  side  of  the  Naches  River  about  one  and  a  half  miles 
above  its  mouth.     There  are  angular  rocks  on  each  encircling  ridge.     Some 
of  the  large  angular  rocks  found  on  the  embankment  of  this  ridge,  may  also 
have  been  dug  out  during  the  excavation  for  the  house  if  such  rocks  are 
found  under  the  surface  of  the  soil  in  this  terrace.    Similar  rocks  are  scattered 
about  on  the  surface  so  thickly  that  it  nnist  have  l)een  necessary  to  remove  a 
number  of  them  from  the  site  where  the  house  was  to  stand  and  ])Ossibly 
others  that  were  scattered  about  may  have  been  put  up  around  the  base 
of  the  house  in  order  to  clear  the  immediate  vicinity  especially  since  many  of 
them  are  disagreeably  sharp  angular  fragments.^ 

Measuring  tiic  site  best  shown  in  the  figure,  east  and  west,  the  level  lloor 
inside  the  extreme  wash  fioni  the  ridge  is  nine  feet  in  (lianictci-,  the  rocks 
fallen  from  the  I'idu'c  thirteen  feel,  the  iimei-  ed'ie  of  the  ri(l<i"c  20  feet,  the 


1  These  two  sites  are  represented  by  Museum  negatives  nos.  44481,  4-6  reproduced  in  tlie 
figure;   44491,  from  the  west;   and  44492,  .5-5  nearer  from  the  west. 


1910.1  Smith,   The   Yakima  Valley.  53 

points  on  the  top  of  the  embankment,  twenty-five  and  a  half  feet;  the  outside 
of  the  rocks,  thirty  feet;  the  extremes  of  the  embankment  thirty-five  feet. 
These  measurements  north  and  south  are  respectively,  nine  feet,  thirteen  and 
a  half  feet,  sixteen  and  a  half  feet,  twenty-one  feet,  twenty-five  and  a  half 
feet  and  thirty-three  feet.  Judging  from  these  measurements,  the  original 
dimensions  were  probably  thirty  feet  by  twenty-five  and  a  half  feet  over  all, 
twenty-five  and  a  half  feet  by  twenty-one  feet  for  the  to])  of  the  embankment, 
twenty  by  sixteen  and  a  half  feet  for  the  inside  of  the  embankment  and 
sixteen  and  a  half  feet  by  fifteen  feet  for  the  bottom  of  the  floor.  These 
measurements  are  also  east  and  west  and  north  and  south  respectively.  The 
present  depth  of  the  hole  below  the  top  of  the  rocks  is  twenty-nine  inches  and 
from  the  top  of  the  earth  embankment  is  twenty-six  and  twenty-one  inches. 
The  measurements  were  taken  east  and  west  and  north  and  south  respectively. 
The  slope  of  the  hill  from  north  to  south  and  its  attendant  wash,  of  course, 
aflFect  the  north  and  south  measurements,  while  the  east  and  west  measure- 
ments are  probably  near  the  original  dimensions.  Contiguous  to  this  hole 
on  the  south,  or  in  the  sage  brush  to  the  right  in  the  figure,  is  the  other  site. 
It  is  on  the  slope  of  the  hill  and  not  so  clearly  shown  in  the  Plate.  This  hole 
measures  ten  and  a  half  feet  by  eleven  feet  across  the  level  floor  inside; 
thirteen  by  fourteen  feet  inside  of  the  rocks ;  nineteen  by  eighteen  feet  at  the 
top  of  the  embankment  twenty-three  by  twenty-three  feet  outside  of  the 
rocks;  and  twenty-seven  by  twenty-six  feet  outside  of  the  embankment; 
fourteen  and  eighteen  inches  in  depth  from  the  top  of  the  rocks  and  ten  and 
twelve  inches  from  the  top  of  the  earth,  the  measurements  being  taken  east 
and  west  and  north  and  south  respectively. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Shafer  informed  me  that  there  were  holes,  the  remains  of  old 
houses  on  the  flat  in  the  Naches  Valley,  twelve  miles  above  the  Nelson 
Bridge  which  crosses  the  river  a  short  distance  above  the  mouth  of  Cowiche 
Creek.  At  Fort  Simcoe,  immediately  south  of  the  Indian  agency,  on  the 
north  edge  of  "scab  land"  overlooking  a  small  ravine  as  mentioned  on 
p.  8,  is  a  large  pit  surrounded  by  an  embankment  of  earth,  the  remains 
of  a  winter  house  site.  This  hole  is  so  deep  and  the  embankment  is  so  high 
that  both  Mrs.  Lynch  and  the  Indians  call  it  a  fort.  About  fifteen  miles 
above  Kennewick  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Columbia  River,  according  to 
Mr.  D.  W.  Owen,  there  were  the  remains  of  hundreds  of  semi-underground 
winter  houses  and  we  saw  several  large  and  dcc])  sites  immediately  below' 
^\v.  Craig's  house  above  Priest  Rapids  as  mentioned  on  page  20. 

A  semi-subterranean  winter  house,  with  an  entrance  through  the  roof, 
seen  by  Lewis  and  Clark  '  on  \\w  north  side  of  the  Columbia  ^^vnr  the  montli 


1  Lewi.s,  p.  185;  Lewis  and  Clark,  IV,  p.  280. 


54  Aiillrofological  Pa-pers  American  Museum  of  Naihral  Histortj.    [^'ol.  \'I 

of  White  Salmon  River,  was  uninhabited  at  that  time  (ISOo).  As  described, 
it  does  not  ditfer  from  the  winter  house  of  the  Thompson  Indians.  The 
Chinook,  so  far  as  we  know,  never  erected  such  houses.  The  pit  of  an 
underground  house,  according  to  Clark  ^  was  found  among  the  Nez  Perce. 
Gibbs  -  mentions  what  were  probably  similar  pits  on  the  Lower  Yakima. 
Kane  ^  describes  a  somewhat  similar  house  used  bv  the  Walla  Walla  but 
much  ruder.     Such  houses  were  used  by  the  Klamath.^ 

Not  far  from  the  ranch  of  Mr.  Frank  Turner  on  Rock  Creek  about  six 
miles  below  Rock  Lake  on  Section  6,  Town  18  north,  Range  40  east  in  the 
country  locally  known  as  "The  Rocks,"  there  are  two  pits  that  are  supposed 
to  be  the  remains  of  houses  which  with  other  remains  (pp.  2D,  82,  140)  have 
been  in  their  present  condition  since  about  1874  when  they  were  first  seen  by 
the  whites.  Both  the  pioneers  and  the  old  Indians  are  said  to  know  nothing 
about  them.  JNIr.  Turner's  place  is  best  reached  from  Sprague  on  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  although  his  Post  Office  is  Winona.  JNIy  infor- 
mation regarding  these  two  pits  is  from  Mr.  J.  S.  Cotton,  then  in  charge  of 
cooperative  range  work  in  Washington. 

It  is  quite  possible  as  pointed  out  by  Lewis  ^  that  the  introduction  of  the 
buffalo  skin  covered  lodge  which  probably  came  after  the  advent  of  the  horse 
into  this  region,  had  something  to  do  with  the  apparent  scarcity  of  the  semi- 
subterranean  winter  house  in  the  Yakima  region  in  historic  times,  the  buffalo 
skin  lodge  possibly  having  taken  the  place  of  the  earth-covered  dwellings. 

The  so-called  cremation  circles  near  Cherry  Creek  and  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Naches  which  were  mentioned  on  ]>]).  12  and  ]o  and  described  on 
pp.  163  and  157,  may  be  the  remains  of  small  houses  of  the  type  of  semi- 
subterranean  winter  house  sites  that  were  made  especially  as  grave  houses. 
As  before  mentioned,  this  type  of  semi-subterranean  circular  lodge  is  found 
as  far  north  as  the  Thompson  River  country,  and  T  liave  seen  one  site  on  the 
prairie  near  Rochester,  Thurston  Co.,  probably  of  this  type.  In  the  Nez 
Perce  region  to  the  east,  remains  that  appear  like  those  of  semi-subterranean 
houses  consisting  of  ridges  of  earth  about  a  toot  above  the  gencnil  level  of  the 
ground,  surrounding  a  circular  pit,  from  three  to  five  feet  deep,  measuring 
from  the  top  of  the  ridge;  and  about  seventy  feet  in  (limnetcr,  are  found  near 
the  mouth  of  Tammany  Creek  on  the  casl  l)ank  of  Snake  River,  a  few  miles 
above  lA'wiston.     The  site  may  be  identified  with   Ilasntin."     The  place 


1  Lewis  and  Clark,  V,  p.  35. 

2  Gibbs,  (a),  p.  409. 

3  Kane,  p.  272. 

*  Gatscliet,  pp.  177,  124;   Abbott  in  tlie  Pacific  Railroad  Kri.orf .  VI,  p,  69. 
»  Lewis,  p.  186. 
0  Spinden  p.  179. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  55 

is  known  to  have  been  used  as  a  camp  until  about  1878,  especially  during 
the  season  of  lamprey  eel  fishing.  These  house  rings  are  in  several  groups. 
A  little  charcoal,  some  unio  shell,  flint  chips,  a  digging  stick  M-ith  a  bone 
handle,  glass  beads  and  other  objects  are  reported  to  have  been  found  in 
them.  Somewhat  similar  house  rings  about  twenty-five  feet  in  diameter 
were  found  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Middle  fork  of  Clearwater  River,  near 
the  town  of  Kooskia.  Spinden  ^  refers  to  lycwis  and  Clark  -  for  evidence 
of  considerable  antiquity  for  the  circular  house  rings  in  this  Nez  Perce 
region.  They  mention  one  as  being  al)out  thirty  feet  in  diameter  with  a 
rim  over  three  feet  high  and  the  floor  sunken  four  feet  below  the  surface  of 
the  ground  or  seven  feet  below  the  top  of  the  rim.  The  Mountain  Snakes, 
according  to  Ross  ^  never  used  underground  houses. 

At  the  site  near  Kooskia  there  is  another  type  of  house  site  such  as  I  have 
not  seen  in  the  Yakima,  Thompson  or  Coast  regions.  Spinden  describes 
them  as  long  and  narrow,  about  sixty  to  eighty-five  feet  long  by  eighteen  feet 
wide.  The  interior  is  sunken  from  one  to  three  feet  and  surrounded  by  well 
marked  elevated  rims.  As  a  rule,  these  pits  are  not  so  deep  or  clearly  marked 
as  those  of  the  circular  ty})e.  The  axis  of  the  house  is  parallel  with  the 
river.  He  states  that  these  house  sites  have  not  l^een  used  for  a  long  time 
and  that  trees,  some  of  which  are  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  grow  directly 
out  of  them.  Excavation  revealed  a  number  of  fireplaces  about  twelve  feet 
apart  along  the  axis  of  these  houses  suggesting  that  they  were  communal 
lodges.*  We  discovered  no  indications  of  communal  dwellings  in  the 
Yakima  region. 

Circles  of  Stones  {Summer  House  Sites).  A  circle  of  stones  which  marked 
a  small  lodge  site  was  examined  and  photographed.  The  stones  were  no 
doubt  cleared  from  the  interior  and  all  or  part  of  these  possibly  with  others, 
were  no  doubt  used  to  hold  down  the  lodge  covers.  Although  I  saw  no  such 
circle  of  stones  in  the  Thompson  River  region  I  am  informed  by  ]Mr.  Teit 
that  they  are  occasionally  to  be  seen  there  and  that  they  represent  old  lodge 
sites.  The  circle  of  stones  above-mentioned  as  described  on  j).  15  was 
found  on  a  terrace  somewhat  lower  than  the  one  on  which  were  situated  the 
remains  of  the  two  semi-subterranean  houses  described  on  j).  52.  This 
terrace  is  a  few  yards  down  stream  from  the  one  on  which  they  stand,  and  is 
.separated  from  it  by  a  small  ravine.  The  site  is  a  little  further  down  the 
stream  and  towards  the  southeast.     It  is  sliowu  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  iv,''  from 


>  Spinden,  p.  197. 

2  Lewis  and  Clark,  V,  p.  33. 

3  Ross,  (b),  II,  p.  117. 

*  Spinden,  p.  197. 

*  Museum  negative  no.  44482,  4-7  from  the  north. 


56  Anthropological  Popers   An/crinin    Miisciini    of  Xaturnl    IlislDri/.    [\'ol.  VI, 

the  point  on  the  hillside  u  few  feet  above  it  to  the  north,  shown  on  the  lower 
end  of  the  slope  in  Fig.  2,  Plate  iv  and  in  negative  nos.  44491,  5-4,  and 
44492,  5-5.  This  circle  of  stones  on  the  level  ground  was  made  up  of  angu- 
lar rocks  such  as  are  scattered  on  the  immediate  surface.  It  measures  ten 
by  eleven  feet  in  diameter  inside;  fifteen  by  seventeen  feet  from  the  toj)  of 
the  circle;  and  twenty-two  by  twenty-three  feet  over  all.  The  top  of  the 
highest  stones  was  from  fourteen  to  twelve  inches  above  the  middle  of  the 
space  enclosed  which  as  before  stated,  seemed  to  be  on  a  level  with  the  out- 
side, all  measuring  being  east  to  west  and  north  to  south  respectively. 
Among  the  rocks  was  found  a  chipped  piece  of  jasper  or  brown  chalcedony. 

No  saucer-shaped  depressions  were  seen  in  the  Yakima  region,  although 
it  is  quite  probable  that  they  formerly  existed  and  have  been  obliterated  by 
weathering.  It  will  be  remembered  that  such  saucer-shaped  depressions  are 
often  made  by  sweeping  out  the  summer  lodges  in  the  Thompson  River 
region  ^  and  that  they  marked  the  sites  of  such  houses. 

Two  summer  lodges  photographed  ^  by  us  near  EUensburg  which  were 
mentioned  on  page  12  and  the  one  seen  below  Union  Gap  down  stream  from 
Old  Yakima,  resemble  those  of  the  Thompson  River  region  to  the 
north.  It  will  be  remembered  that  mat  covered  tipis  are  found  in  the  Nez 
Perce  region  to  the  east.^  Lewis  and  Clark  ^  mention  but  one  buffalo  skin 
lodge  among  the  Nez  Perce  in  18UG  and  that  was  apparently  reserved  for 
special  occasions,  but  a  few  years  later  this  type  of  lodge  had  practically 
supplanted  the  mat  lodge  among  that  tribe  and  was  in  conniion  use  among 
all  the  interior  Salish  and  Sahaptin  tribes.  The  mat  houses  of  the  Yakima 
are  mentioned  by  Gibbs  in  the  Pacific  Railroad  Reports.^ 

A  pile  of  stones  .shown  in  Fig.  2,  Plate  v "  and  mentioned  on  p.  20  as 
uncovered  by  the  wash  of  the  flood  waters  of  the  Cohimbia,  was  seen  on  the 
bottom-lands  on  the  western  side  of  the  Columbia,  south  of  Sentinal  Bluffs 
and  within  a  lunidred  feet  north  of  the  house  of  ]Mr.  Britain  Evcrette  Craig. 
It  is  ])0ssible  that  this  may  have  been  a  house  liearth  or  ancient  cooking  ])lace, 
although  the  presence  of  human  bones  among  these  stones,  stiggests  that  it 
was  a  grave  covered  with  flat  oval  I'iver  pebbles.  Near  l)y,  tuieovered  by  the 
same  wash,  was  a  small  patch  of  fi-esh  water  unio  shells  shown  fi'oiii  the  west 


1  Smith,  (c),  p.  40.5. 

2  Summer  lodpe,  covered  with  clotli,  Japanese  matting  and  Indian  matting  July,  1903; 
East  of  Ellensl)urg.  Museum  negatives  no.  44.52.3,  8-1  from  the  southeast;  no.  44524,  8-2, 
from  the  west;  and  no.  44525,  8-3  a  nearer  view;  and  summer  lodge  covered  with  cloth,  July 
1903,  in  the  northern  part  of  EUensburg,  Museum  negative  no.  44526,  8-4  front  tlie  east. 

3  Spinden,  Fig.  6,  Plate  x. 

*  Lewis  and  Clark,  V,  p.  16. 
»  Gibbs,  (a),  I,  p.  407. 

*  Museum  negative  no.  44530,  8-8  from  tlie  southwest 


1910.] 


Smith,  The   Yakima  Valley. 


57 


of  south  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  v.'  This  was  probably  kitchen  refuse.  The  little 
pits,  each  encircled  with  a  slight  embankment  made  up  of  the  soil  thrown 
out  in  making  it,  p.  15.  are  probably  the  remains  of  food  caches  near  the 
houses. 

Tools  used  by  Men. 


f^. 


r 


'I'-:  J 


A  number  of  objects  which  seem  to  be  tools  intended  to  be  used  by  men 
are  found  in  this  region.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  a  wedge,  hammer- 
stones,  a  celt,  a  hand-adze,  drills,  scrapers,  and  an  arrow-shaft  smoother. 

Wedges.  Wedges  made  of  antler  were  not  frequently  found  by  us  as  in 
the  Thompson  River  region,-  although  according  to  Lewis,  elk  horn  wedges 

or  chisels  were  used  for  splitting  wood  in  the  general 
plateau  region  of  which  this  is  a  part.^  One  specimen, 
however  (202-S37Sb),  was  found  on  the  surface  near 
the  head  of  Priest  Rapids,  which  is  a])])arently  a 
longitudinal  fragment  of  a  wedge  broken  off  at  the  top 
and  cut  by  longitudinal  grooving  along  one  edge,  the 
other  edge  being  a  portion  of  the  surface  of  the  wedge 
formed  by  cutting  convexly  across  the  antler.  The 
specimen  is  bleached  from  exposure  on  the  surface. 
Another  wedge,  shown  in  Fig.  39,  was  found  on  the 
surface  near  the  Columbia  River  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Snake.  It  is  made  of  antler  which  has  since  been 
bleached  from  exposure  on  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
The  top  was  partly  cut  off  and  then  broken  across, 
Avhile  one  side  edfje  shows  where  the  antler  was  grooved 
lengthwise  for  over  half  its  length,  from  the  inner  sur- 
face and  then  broken  out.  This  shows  that  the  process 
of  cutting  up  pieces  of  antler  in  this  region  was  similar 
to  that  employed  in  cutting  both  antler  and  nephrite,  in 
the  Thompson  River  region  and  on  the  coast  of  British 
Columbia  and  Washington.  It  has  since  been  battered. 
One  side  shows  the  nearly  fiat  outer  surface  of  part 
of  the  antler,  the  other  has  been  cut  oil'  to  form  the 
wedge,  which  is  constricted  towards  the  ])()int  so  that  it 
assumes  a  somewhat  spatulate  form.     This  specimen  is  twisted,  imtil  the 


vii:.'^S^ 


Fig.  39  (20.0-1464). 
Wedge  made  of  Ant- 
ler. From  the  surface 
near  the  Columbia 
River  below  tlie 
Mouth  of  the  Snake. 
i  nat.  size.  (Col- 
lected and  presented 
by  Mr.  Owen.) 


1  Museum  negative  no.  44531,  8-9  from  the  west  of  soutli. 

2  Smith,  (d),  p.  141;   (c),  p.  414. 

3  Lewis,  p.  186. 


58  Anihropolcgical  Papers  American   Mvscinn  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  \1, 

point  is  in  a  plane  about  45°  from  the  poll.  It  was  collected  bv  ^Ir.  Owen 
who  beUeves  it  to  have  been  used  as  a  spatula  for  grinding  paint  upon 
the  surface  of  a  rock.  Wedges  made  of  elk  antler  are  common  in  the  Nez 
Perce  region  where  they  are  said  to  have  almost  completely  supplanted 
celts. ^ 

Although  no  wedges  were  found  by  us  in  the  Yakima  Valley  })roj)er,  and 
we  can  mention  only  these  two  specimens  in  the  whole  Yakima  region  yet 
it  seems  probable  that  they  were  here  used  and  for  the  same  purposes  as  in 
the  Thompson  River  region  to  the  north,  the  Nez  Perce  area  to  the  east  and 
on  the  coast  to  the  west  for  splitting  timber,  for  cutting  firewood  and  for 
general  carpenter  work.  Perhaps  their  relative  scarcity  here,  as  compared 
with  the  Thompson  and  the  Nez  Perce  country,  may  be  explained  by  sup- 
posing that  wooden  wedges,  such  as  are  more  common  than  antler  wedges 
on  the  coast,  and  which  may  have  decayed  were  here  used  more  than  those 
made  of  antler. 

While  the  stone  hanmiers  or  pestles  with  convex  bases,  Avhich  are  de- 
scribed on  p.  39  et  seq.  were  probably  largely  used  for  crushing  food  and 
other  material;  yet  some  of  them  and  those  with  concave  bases,  were  un- 
doubtedly sometimes  used  as  hammers  for  driving  wedges,  setting  stakes, 
jjinning  out  skins  and  for  similar  purposes. 

Hammer  stones.     The  deeply  pitted  hammer,  such  as  is  found  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  was  not  seen  here,  and  it  will  be  remembered  -  that  they 
were  not  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region.     Tough  i)ebbles,  however, 
were  used  for  pounding.     At  the  quarry  shop  mentioned  on  ]>.  IG,  we  found 
a  number  of  pebbles  that  were  evidently  used  in  breaking  up  the  material  out 
of  which  to  make  chip])ed  implements.     One  of  these  (202-8129)  is  merely 
a  water-worn  pebble,  73  mm.  long,  an  edge  of  which  has  been  broken  oft", 
and  a  sharp  corner  shows  signs  of  its  having  been  used  as  a  hammer,  as  it  has 
been  battered  and  shows  where  one  large  chip  has  come  oft".     It  will  be 
remembered  that  in  the  vicinity  of  the  shoji  where  the  specimen  was  found, 
pebbles  were  rarely  if  ever  seen,  although  the  surface  of  the  ground  was 
covered  with  weathered  fragments  of  volcanic  rock.     Another  specimen 
(202-8127)  found  at  the  same  place,  shown  southeast  of  the  (piarrv  pit,  in 
Fig.  1,  Plate  in,  is  155  mm.  long  and  of  a  rather  irregular  cross  section. 
The  ends  arc  Ijattercd  and  fractured  from  use.     Apj)arently  it  may  have  been 
held  between  the  two  hands  and  used  in  l)reaking  oft"  large  ])ieces  of  material. 
A  longer  hammer  ])ebble,  bearing  the  same  catalogue  number,  and  found  at 
the  same  place,  shows  on  the  top  of  the  quarry  dump  to  the  left  centre  in 
Fig.  1,  Plate  iir.     It  is  about  270  mm.  long.     In  cross  section  it  tends  to  be 

1  Spinden,  pp.  182  and  189,  Fig.  S'. 

2  Smith,  (d),  p.  142;   (c),  pp.  415  and  440,  Fig.  38. 


1910.] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


59 


triangular  with  rounded  corners.     The  ends  are  battered  and  long  slivers 

have  been  broken  off.     The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  40  is  from  the  same 

place,  shorter,  but  similar  in  that  the 

section  is  sub-triangular  and  that  each 

■end   is    both    battered    and    slivered. 

Other  battered  pebbles  and  fragments 

slivered  from  them  were  found  at  the 

same  place.     The  hammerstone  shown 

in  Fig.  41  was  found  on  the  surface 

near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.     It 

is  an  oval  pebble,  nearly  twice  as  wide 

as  it  is  thick,  of  yellowish  brown  color, 

which  has  l^een  used  for  a  hammer,  as 

is  indicated  by  the  battered  and  chipped 

condition  of  its  ends. 

Another  specimen,  shown  in  Fig. 
42,  is  made  of  a  hard,  dark  green  or 
bluish,  water-worn  ]:)ebble.  It  was 
found  in  the  Snake  River  Valley, 
twenty  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Owen.  Both  ends  are  battered  and 
the  margins  of  the  battered  surfaces 
are  chipped.  j\Ir.  Owen  says  such 
objects  were  used  in  pecking  pestles, 
mortars,  and  similar  implements  into 
shape.  Fig.  43  illustrates  one  of  these 
hammerstones,  found  on  the  surface 
at  Kennewick.  It  is  a  part  of  a  pebble 
of  tough  dark  blue  material,  apparently  glassy  basalt.  One  side  edge  and 
one  end  have  been  chipped  and  show  large  scars  on  each  side  of  the  side 
edge  and  several  on  one  side  of  the  top.  Near  the  middle  of  one  side,  and 
opposite  it  on  the  other  side  edge,  there  are  signs  of  pecking  which  suggest 
an  attempt  at  grooving.  The  lower  corner  of  the  pebble  shows  signs  of 
having  been  used  as  a  hammer  for  pecking.  A  small  spatulate  pebble 
slightly  curved  (202-8215),  found  at  the  same  place,  is  battered  entirely 
around  the  edge  of  its  larger  end  and  in  one  })lace  on  the  side  of  the  narrow 
end.  The  battering  has  given  it  a  smooth  surface  in  ])laces  which  suggests 
that  it  was  used  for  pecking,  rather  than  chipping.  A  large,  rather  flat,  oval 
pebble  (202-8213)  from  the  same  ])lace  has  large  chi})s  olf  from  both  sides 
of  its  edge  in  three  places,  three  fourths  of  its  edge  being  so  chipped.  This 
seems  more  likely  to  be  a  hammerstone  used  for  chipping. 


Fig.  40  (202-8128).  Hammerstone. 
From  quarry  on  north  side  of  Naclies  River 
about  two  miles  above  its  moutii.  i  nat.  size. 


60 


Anthropological  Papers  Attierican  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 


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1910.]  Synith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  61 

The  long,  narrow,  oval  pebble,  shown  in  Y\^.  44,  is  about  140  mm.  long, 
of  a  yellow,  volcanic,  coarse-grained  rock,  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Austin  Mires  of  Ellensburg.  This  was  found  at  Priest  Rapids.  The  top 
is  battered  and  slightly  chipped,  the  other  end  has  been  battered  to  a  rather 
flat  edge,  and  this  battered  surface  extends  one  half  way  up  one  side  of  the 
specimen  and  two  thirds  of  the  way  up  the  other.^  A  large  flat  oval  pebble 
(202-8214),  found  on  the  Cherry  Creek  camp  site,  has  a  notch  pecked  in 
each  side  edge  and  is  battered  slightly  on  one  end.  It  may  have  been  notched 
for  hafting  as  a  hammer,  or  for  use  as  a  net  sinker,  but  the  battered  end 
suggests  the  former  use.  These  pebbles  which  have  been  used  as  hammer- 
stones,  remind  us  of  the  unbattered  pebbles  found  with  pieces  of  glassy 
basalt  in  certain  caches  near  Kamloops."  Pebbles  used  as  hammerstones 
are  also  found  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east  ^  and  according  to  Lewis 
stone  hammers  were  used  for  splitting  wood  in  the  general  plateau  region 
of  which  this  is  a  part.* 

A  pebble,  oval  in  outline  and  in  cross  section  (202-8303),  found  on  the 
surface  of  the  bank  of  the  Columbia  River,  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids, 
is  battered  on  one  side  edge  near  the  middle  in  a  way  that  suggests  that  the 
place  was  for  the  reception  of  the  end  of  a  handle.  The  lower  edge  is  bat- 
tered and  the  top  has  a  large  chip  off  of  each  side.  It  was  probably  used  as 
a  hammerstone.  Another  flat  oval  pebble  of  lava  (202-8305)  found  at  the 
same  place,  is  chipped  on  both  sides  of  the  entire  edge;  but  the  edge  is  not 
sharp,  apparently  having  been  dulled  by  scraping,  the  natural  sand  blast  or 
weathering.  A  disk  or  sub-oblong-shaped  pebble  (202-8304)  also  found  at 
the  same  place  is  chipped  from  one  side  only  across  the  entire  edge  at  a  slight 
bevel  so  that  it  has  a  nearly  flat  edge.  The  high  places  of  the  edge  are 
smoothed  as  if  from  its  use  in  pecking,  yet  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  much 
used  for  such  a  purpose  or  to  need  to  have  been  chipped  into  disk  form  for 
that  use. 

None  of  the  pebbles  which  were  notched  and  supposed  to  be  net  sinkers, 
as  mentioned  on  p.  30  and  that  were  found  in  this  region,  show  battered 
ends  or  appear  as  if  they  had  been  used  as  hammers.  On  the  other  hand, 
some  of  the  grooved  pebbles  described  as  net  sinkers  are  l)attered,  p.  ZO. 
It  will  be  remembered  ^  that  no  notched  hannners  or  those  grooved  entirely 
around,  like  those  found  here,  were  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region, 
although  a  pel)])l(>  which  had  been  notch(Hl  or  grooved  on  two  edges  was 


1  Museum  ne^jative,  no.  445.34,  8-2 

2  Described  by  Smith,  (cO,  p.  415. 

3  Spinden,  p.  188. 

4  Lewis,  p.  186;    Lewis  and  Clark,  111,  p.  124. 

5  Smith,  (c),  p.  415. 


62 


Antltropulogical  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xiilund  Hislorij.    [Vol.  VI^ 


found  and  figured  as  a  hammer.'  Nor  was  the  grooved  stone  maul  used  by 
the  Nez-  Perce  to  the  east  according  to  Spinden  -  ahhougli  many  specimens 
are  found  on  the  rmatilla  in  northern  Oregon  to  the  soulh/^ 

Celts.     Celts  made  of  stone  such  as  were  common  in  the  Thompson  River 
region  ■*  were  not  found  l)y  us  in  the  Yakima  region;  but  one  typical  specimen 


Fig.  44. 


Fig.  45. 


Fig.  44.  Hammeistoae  made  of  a  Clo.se-Grained  Yellow  Volcanic  Pebble.  From  Priest 
Rapids.  I-  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  photograph  44534,  8-2.  Original  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  Mires.) 

Fig.  45.  Celt  made  of  Serpentine.  From  an  Indian  at  EUensbnrg.  J  nat.  size.  (Drawn 
from  photograph  44507,  6-8.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  McCandless.) 

which  apparently  resembles  the  celts  found  on  Puget  Sound,  more  than  it 
does  those  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region  is  shown  in  l<'ig.  45.  It  may 
be  seen  in  ihc  collection  of  Mr.  McCandless  who  secured  it  fioin  an  Indian 


1  Ibid,  Fig.  347. 

-  Spinden,  p.  188. 

3  Lewis,  p.  186;   Lewis  and  Clarl;,  III,  p.  124. 

4  Smith,  (d),  p.  142;    (c),  p.  415. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  63 

at  Ellensburg.  This  celt  is  made  of  serpentine  and  is  190  mm.  long.^  A 
similar  specimen,  in  the  same  collection,  resembles  this  one  but  shows 
grooves  along  the  side  edges  by  means  of  which  it  Avas  cut  out.  There  is  a 
celt  made  of  green  serpentine,  only  about  3  nun.  thick  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  Owen,  but  it  was  found  at  Umatilla,  Oregon. 

Celts  of  jadeite  (?)  narrow  and  oblong  were  found  on  Snake  River  above 
Lewiston  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east.'  Spinden  states  that  these  were 
evidently  acquired  by  trade  from  natives  of  the  northwest  coast  and  that 
they  have  been  cut  by  grooving  and  breaking.  x\.lso,  that  this  method  and 
material  was  not  employed  by  the  Nez  Perce  who  considered  the  objects  to 
have  been  used  as  wedges.  I  am  inclined  to  believe,  therefore,  that  these 
more  nearly  resemble  the  celts  of  the  Thompson  River  country^  than  they 
do  those  of  the  coast.  At  least  one  celt  of  this  general  style  has  been  found 
near  Lake  Chelan  lying  between  the  Thompson  River  region  and  both  the 
Yakima  and  Nez  Perce  regions.  '  It  is  a  long  stone  celt  and  was  found  in  an 
ancient  grave  on  the  bank  of  the  Chelan  River  near  the  house  of  Hon.  Amos 
Edmunds,  of  Chelan,  Washington.  In  the  graves  of  this  group,  according 
to  Mr.  C.  G.  Ridout,  who  cooperated  with  Mr.  Edmunds  in  excavating  at 
this  place,  and  from  whom  all  of  oiu-  information  on  this  specimen  was 
obtained,  stone  knives  and  skinning  and  scraping  tools  were  found.  This 
celt  is  of  a  mottled  green  "marble  resembling  onyx"  (probably  serpentine 
or  nephrite)  400  mm.  long,  47  nun.  wide  and  15  mm.  thick.  It  is  slightly 
concave  on  the  two  sides,  while  one  side  edge  is  flat  and  the  other  is  con- 
cavely  bevelled.  The  poll  is  of  the  natural  unworked  stone  and  judging 
from  the  drawing  furnished  by  ]\Ir.  Ridout,  was  broken  off.  It  is  raggedly 
diagonal.  The  cutting  edge  is  sharpened  by  long  convexly  ground  surfaces 
of  nearly  equal  size  and  curve.  The  bevel  of  the  side  edge  suggests  that  the 
material  for  the  celt  was  cut  out  by  grooving  and  breaking  as  was  the  case 
in  the  Thompson  River  region,  where  the  celts  showed  similar  traces  of 
grooving.'  It  is  true  that  similar  grooving  may  be  seen  on  celts  from  the 
Coast,  but  in  that  region  the  celts  are  short,  while  in  the  Thompson  River 
area  they  are  long  like  this  one  and  the  material  is  more  often  of  the  mottled 
green  color  than  on  the  coast.  The  specimen  is  owned  by  Mr.  Edmunds 
and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Ridout. 

No  pieces  of  antler  or  other  material  which  may  possibly  have  served  as 
celt  hafts  were  found  in  this  region,  although  it  will  be  remembered  that  one 
specimen,  thought  })0ssibly  to  have  been  such,  was  found  at  Kaniloops  in  the 

>  Museum  negative  no.  44507,  6-8. 

2  Spinden,  p.  182  and  Figs.  1,  2,  Plate  ix. 

3  Smith,  (c),  Fig.  349. 

*  Cf.  Smith,  (c).  Fig.  349. 


64 


Anthropological   Papers   American   Museum   of  Natural   History.    [Vol.  VI, 


Thoin]).son  River'  region,  another  in  the  Lillooet  \'allev-'  and  that  ceU  hafts 
made  of  antler  were  eommon  on  the  coast  at  Port  Hammond,^  Comox/ 
Saanieh,^  and  Utsalady.**  A  piece  of  antler  (202-837Sa),  found  on  the 
surface  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rai)ids,  is  much  bleached  and  shows  signs 
of  having  been  daubed  with  red  paint.  It  consists  of  a  ])iece  which  has 
been  cut  around  below  a  fork  with  some  sharj)  instrument  and  then  broken 
off.     The  ])rongs  seem  to  be  simjilv  broken  off. 

Hand-Adze.  Only  one  hand-adze  has  been 
found  in  this  area,  so  far  as  I  am  aware.  It  is  cata- 
logue No.  25  in  the  collection  of  ^Nlr.  Janeck,  made 
of  stone  and  found  near  the  surface  of  an  old  burial 
ground  of  the  Indians  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Yakima  River  on  what  is  known  as  IMcNeals 
Island.  This  specimen  is  .shown  in  Fig.  46,  and 
is  165  mm.  long,  228  mm.  in  greatest  circumfer- 
ence which  is  around  the  part  corresponding  to 
the  edge  of  the  striking  head  of  a  pestle,  37  mm. 
in  diameter  at  the  top  and  37  mm.  along  the  edge 
of  the  blade.  It  is  made  of  rock  resembling 
diorite  or  diabase.  The  natural  surface  of  the 
pebble  from  which  it  was  made  shows  on  the 
ridge  of  the  striking  head  of  the  })estle-like  part. 
The  convex  side  of  the  celt-like  part  of  the  object 
is  very  smooth.  This  is  apparently  partly  due  to 
the  fact  that  it  ])resents  the  smooth  natural  sur- 
face of  the  pebble  from  which  the  object  was 
made,  and  also  to  more  or  less  friction  which 
must  have  been  received  here  when  in  use.  It 
pi()bat)lv  served  as  an  adze.  This  specimen  is 
])erhaps   the   most   ideal    form    of  this  type  that  I 


Fig.  46.  H;ui(l-.\dze  made 
of  Stone.  From  the  surface 
in  an  old  l)iirial  ground  of 
the  Indian.s  near  the  moutli 
of  the  Yakima  River  on  have  seen,  the  up])er  end  comparing  closely  to  a 
McNeals  Island,  i  nat.  size.  ^^,^^j^  ^^.j^j^  ,,  ^j;  ,,^  in.liration  of  a  knob  at  the 
(Drawn     from     i)hotograplis  . 

44.50.3,6-4,444.52,2-1.   Orig-      to]),  a  flaring  iiody,  and  a  short  striking  head,  the 

inal  catalogue   No.  25  in  the        ^|^j^^    ,,,•    ^^.,,j^.,,     ^^^^.^^j     ,^^    .^    ^.j^^         ,^^.,„.,^.    jf    „„f 
collection  ol  Mi.  .laneck.) 

entirely  aioiind  the  specimen.     The  celt-like  i)art 

is  to  one  side  of  the  axis,  so  that  one  side  expands  to  meet  the  ridge   above 


1  Smith,  (c).  Fig.  348,  p.  41.5. 

2  Teit,  (b).  Fig.  66. 

3  Smith,  (a),  Figs.  29  and  .5<). 

4  Smith,  (b).  Fig.  107. 
6  Jbid,  Figs.  129-130. 

0   Ibid,  Fig.  157. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  65 

mentioned,  forming  a  concavity;  the  other  contracts  to  meet  it  forming 
a  convex  sweep  from  the  cutting  edge  to  the  beginning  of  the  body  of  the 
pestle-Uke  part.^  Such  hand-adzes  have  been  found  at  Portland,  Columbia 
Slough  about  ten  miles  below  Portland,^  and  Mr.  E.  D.  Zimmerman  of 
Philadelphia  has  informed  me  that  there  are  five  or  six  specimens  of  this 
tvpe  in  his  collection  but  the  discovery  of  this  specimen  at  McNeals  Island 
marks  the  most  eastern  occurrence  of  this  type,  so  far  as  I  know  at  present.^ 

Whetstones.  Whetstones,  recognized  as  such,  are  rare  in  the  Yakima 
region  but  a  fragment  (202-8217)  of  a  sandstone  pebble,  which  is  apparently 
rubbed  on  the  irregular  sides  was  found  on  the  surface  of  the  little  camp  site, 
west  of  Cherry  Creek,  near  Ellensburg.  It  probably  served  as  a  rough  whet- 
stone or  for  grinding  implements  into  shape. 

The  cigar-shaped  object  made  of  friable  stone,  shown  in  Fig.  69,  and 
considered  on  p.  81  as  a  war  implement  or  "slave-killer,"  is  suitable  for  use 
as  a  whetstone  and  may  have  been  such.  The  object  thought  to  be  a  whet- 
stone shown  in  Fig.  120,  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck,  and  is  said  to  be 
from  the  Yakima  Valley.  It  is  made  of  friable  slate;  the  top  is  broken  off. 
It  is  142  mm.  long,  18  mm.  wide  and  6  mm.  thick  with  rounded  edges.  The 
circle  and  dot  design  incised  on  the  specimen  is  described  on  p.  131.  It 
would  seem  that  use  as  a  whetstone  would  destroy  the  design.^  From  the 
whole  region,  I  have  seen  only  these  three  specimens  that  can  be  considered 
as  whetstones.  This  scarcity  seems  somewhat  remarkable  when  we  consider 
their  abundance  in  the  Thompson  River  region,^  and  also  on  the  coast  at 
Port  Hammond  and  Eburne  in  the  Eraser  Delta,^  Comox,**  North  Saanich^ 
Victoria,**  New  Dungeness,^  and  Port  Williams.^'* 

Beaver  teeth  sharpened  for  use  as  knives,  such  as  were  found  in  the 
Thompson  River  region,^^  were  not  found  by  us  in  this  whole  area  any  more 
than  iu  the  Eraser  Delta,^^  although  they  were  present  at  Comox,^^  and 
though  not  certainly  identified  at  both  Saanich  "  and  Burton.''^     However, 

1  Museum  negatives  nos.  44452,  2-1  and  44503,  6-4. 

2  First  mentioned  on  pp.  303-304,  Noteworthy  Arciiaeological  Specimens  from  Lower 
Columbia  Valley,  by  Harlan  I.  Smith,  American  Anthropologist,  (N.  S.)  Vol.  VIII,  No.  2, 
April-June,  1906. 

3  Museum  negative  no.  44503,  6  4.  • 

4  Smith,  (d),  p.  144;    (c),  p.  417. 
s  Smith  (a),  p.  167. 

8  Smith  (b),  p.  312 

7  Ibid.,  p.  339. 

8  Ibid.,  p.  360. 
«  Ibid.,  p.  389. 

")  Ibid.,  p.  392. 

>i  Smith  (d),  p.  144;    (c),  p.  417. 

12  Smith  (a),  p.  168. 

13  Smith  (b),  p.  318. 

14  Ibid.,  p.  346. 
16  Ibid.,  p.  398. 


66  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Hiffory.    [Yo].  VI, 

a  beaver  tooth  was  found  (202-8189)  in  cremation  rectangle  No.  21  (16) 
on  the  flat  overlookino;  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River.  Object.s  that  are 
considen>(l  as  knife  handles,  such  as  were  found  at  Lvtton,^  though  not 
certainly  at  Kaniloops  -  were  absent  here  as  in  the  Fraser  Delta.''  Objects 
made  of  bone  or  antler  and  thought  to  have  been  used  for  flaking  stone 
implements  were  also  absent. 

Drills.  Drill  points  chipped  from  stone  are  perhaps  less  abundant  in 
the  Yakima  country  than  in  the  Thonipson  River  region  *  to  the  north. 
They  are  found  of  various  shapes  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  ^  to  the  east  but  it 
will  be  remembered  that  they  were  not  certainly  identified  among  finds  frcm 
the  coast. •*     The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  47,  was  collected  at  the  head  of 


Fig.  47.  Fig.  48. 

Fig.  47  (202-8398).  Point  for  a  Drill,  chipped  from  Chalcedony.  From  the  head  ol 
Priest  Rapids.     ^  nat.  size.      (Collected  by  Mrs.  J.  B.  Davidson.) 

Fig.  48  (202-8370).  Point  for  a  Diill,  chipped  from  Chert.  From  the  surface,  near  the 
head  of  Priest  Rapids,     i  nat.  size. 

Priest  Rapids,  and  presented  by  Mrs.  J.  B.  Davidson  of  Ellensburg.  It  is 
chipped  from  a  grayish  chalcedony.  "^Phe  shaft  is  rather  blunt  at  the  end, 
possibly  having  been  broken  ott",  and  is  somewhat  lozenge-shaped  in  cross 
section  although  one  side  has  a  less  pronounced  ridge  than  the  other  which 
cau.ses  the  section  to  tend  Iowa  ids  tiic  sub-triangular.  The  base  e.\))ands 
.sidewise  and  is  somewhat  thinner  at  the  end  than  at  the  shaft  ahhougli  it  is 
thicker  than  the  ])oint.  A  jjoint  somewhat  similar  in  shape,  hut .")?  iniii.  long, 
chipped  from  white  chalcedony,  and  found  at  Priest  Rapids,  was  seen  in  the 


1  Smith  (d).  Fig.  50. 

2  Smith  (c),  p.  418. 

3  Smith  (a),  p.  168. 

••  Smith  (d),  p.  148;    (c),  p.  419. 

^  Spiiiden,  p.  18.5,  Figs.  23-25,  Plate  vii. 

0  Smith  (a),  p.  190;   (b),  p.  438. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  67 

collection  of  'Sir.  Austin  Mires.  Another  drill  ])oint  chipped  from  black 
trap,  48  mm.  long,  and  also  found  at  Priest  Rapids,  was  seen  in  the  same 
collection.  The  shaft  expands  sidewise  into  a  base  of  the  form  of  a  truncated 
triangle  which  is  rather  thin.  Fig.  48  shows  a  drill  point  chipped  from 
reddish  brown  chert  that  was  found  on  the  surface  near  the  head  of  Priest 
Rapids.  The  upper  portion  resembles  the  first-mentioned  specimen  and 
the  lower  part  is  somewhat  similar  to  it  but  more  lenticular  in  cross  section. 
In  other  words,  the  implement  is  either  double-pointed  or  it  was  intended 
to  chip  away  the  lower  part.  The  lower  point  is  so  well  chipped  to  form 
that  it  seems  more  likely  to  be  a  double-pointed  drill. 

Holes  which  have  been  drilled  and  apparently  with  such  drills  as  these 
are  seen  in  the  stone  objects  shown  in  Figs.  34,  77,  81,  99,  105,  119.  The 
shell  object  shown  in  Fig.  88  probably  was  broken;  but  in  Figs.  76,  79,  90, 
91,  93  and  94,  the  shell  seems  drilled  and  in  Fig.  73  the  antler  is  drilled. 

Scrapers.  For  scraping  and  shaving,  the  objects  shown  in  Figs.  49-52 
would  have  been  useful.  One  side  of  these  consists  of  a  large  facet,  as  in 
the  case  of  Fig.  50,  or  is  but  slightly  chipped.  This  surface  on  the  first  two 
specimens  shows  the  bulb  of  percussion,  while  on  the  fourth  all  signs  of  the 
bulb  have  apparently  been  obliterated  by  secondary  chipping  along  a  longi- 
tudinal third,  probably  done  to  flatten  the  side,  although  as  this  scraper 
was  made  from  a  fragment  of  a  flake  rather  than  from  the  whole  flake  it  is 
possible  that  the  bulb  was  not  on  this  piece.  In  the  third  specimen  the  bulb 
does  not  show  as  the  object  was  not  made  from  a  flake  but  from  a  thin  piece 
of  chalcedony  which  shows  striations  upon  both  surfaces  suggesting  that  it 
may  have  been  the  filling  or  cast  of  a  seam  from  which  it  has  separated. 
The  upper  ends  of  the  first  two  specimens  are  somewhat  convex  on  this 
surface  probably  because  of  the  bulb  of  percussion.  The  lower  or  wider 
ends,  which  are  chipped  to  a  scraping  edge  from  the  opposite  side  on  all  the 
specimens  are  somewhat  concave  or  at  least  flat  as  in  the  third  specimen. 
The  other  two  are  not  so  regular  in  outline,  but  are  also  chipped  like  a  scraper 
at  the  broad  end  and  the  side  edges.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  52  was 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  little  camp  site  on  Cherry  Creek,  near  Ellensburg, 
and  is  of  a  waxy,  yellovrisli  brown  chalcedony.  It  is  shaped  something  like 
a  gun  flint. 

There  is  a  scra])er  GO  mm.  long  made  of  a  greenish  slate  in  the  collection 
of  Mrs.  Davidson  to  whom  it  was  presented  by  JNIr.  Owen.  It  is  somewhat 
tongue-shaped  and  slightly  concavo-convex.  The  base  is  broken  while  the 
curved  edge  is  slightly  chipjx'd  on  the  convex  side  to  form  an  edge.  TIk- 
point  is  rather  thin  and  lias  been  somewhat  rul)l)('d.  Red  paint  has  been 
daubed  on  the  specimen  wliicli  suggests  that  it  iimy  ha\-e  been  found  in  a 
grave.      It  will  ])e  reineinbeicd  thai  scnipers  were  found,  although  not  so 


68 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xdtiiral   Ifl.'<li)ri/.    [\'ol.  VI, 


frequently,  in  the  Thompson  River  region  ^  to  the  north  and  that  in  the  Nez 
Perce  region  to  the  east,-  they  are  usually  irregular  in  form,  flat  on  one  side 
and  convex  on  the  other.  While  their  chief  use  may  have  been  for  skin 
scraj)ing,  they  are  found  by  experiment  to  be  excellent  implements  for  i)laning 
wood,  and  may  well  have  served  for  the  scraping  down  of  arrow-shafts,  spear- 
shafts,  and  for  similar  work. 

Some  of  the  chipped  points  described  on  p.  23  may  have  been  used  for 
knife  points.  Among  these  there  are  a  number  of  specimens  which  were 
particularly  suited  for  this  use.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  6  may  have 
served  as  a  knife,  possibly  one  used  for  ceremonial  purposes  although  it  may 
have  been  used  as  a  spear  point.     These  knives,  being  somewhat  symmetrical 


Fig.  49.  Fig.  50.  Fig.  51.  Fig.  52. 

Fig.  49  (202-8371).  Scraper  chipped  from  Petrified  Wood.  From  the  surface,  near  the 
head  of  Priest  Rapids,      i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  50  (202-8372).  Scraper  chipped  from  Agate.  From  the  surface,  near  the  head  of 
Priest  Rapids,      i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  51  (202-8373).  Scraper  chipped  from  Chalcedony.  From  the  surface,  near  tiie  liead 
of  Priest  Rapids,      i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  52  (202-8221).  Scraper  chipped  from  Chalcedony.  From  the  surface  of  the  Cherry 
Creek  Camp  Site  near  Ellensburg.      *  nat.  size. 


differ  from  the  one  found  at  Kaiuloops  '  in  the  'Jliompson  Uiv(>r  region 
which  was  similar  in  shape  to  the  knives  used  until  irccntly  l)y  the  Thom])Son 
River  Indians.*  These  knives  from  the  Thompson  River  region  are  chi])ped 
imicli  iiKirc  I'loin  one  side  than  from  the  other  and  liaxc  curved  ])oints.  The 
specimen  shown  in  Fig.  3  (202-8330)  has  an  aljsohiicly  lint  base  which  is 
apparently  an  unworkcd  ])()rti()n  of  the  block  tVoin   uhidi  the  ol)ject  was 


1  Smith  (c),  p.  418. 

2  Spinden,  p.  185  and  Fig.  50. 

3  Smith  (c),  p.  418,  Fig.  352d. 
*  Teit,  (a),  Figs.  125-126. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakim-i  Vallej.  69 

chipped.  It  is  possibly  an  unfinished  arrow  point,  but  its  outline  suggests 
that  it  is  a  knife  point.  The  s])ecimen  shown  in  Fig.  2  is  chipped  from  waxy 
red  chalcedony.  It  has  a  straight  end  and  one  edge  of  the  point  is  slightly 
more  curved  than  the  other,  which  together  with  the  fact  that  one  side  is 
nearly  flat  suggests  that  it  may  have  been  one  of  those  points  which  are 
considered  to  have  been  used  for  knives  rather  than  for  arrow  or  spear  points. 
The  specimen  (202-8369)  shown  in  Fig.  1  may  have  served  either  as  the  tip 
for  an  arrow  or  as  a  knife  point,  and  it  may  be  compared  with  the  much 
more  deeply  serrated  points  found  in  the  Thom]>son  River  region.^ 

Arroiv-shaft  Smoothers.  Arrow-shaft  smoothers,  made  of  coarse  sand- 
stone like  those  from  the  Thompson  River  region,-  were  not  found  by  us  in 
this  area  nor  on  the  coast;  ^  but  one  of  these  grooved  stones  was  seen  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  E.  R.  McDonald  at  Ellensburg.  It  was  collected  by  Mr. 
Dick  \Yilliams,  of  the  same  place,  who  found  it  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Columbia  River,  twenty  miles  north  of  Priest  Rapids,  Kittitas  County.  It 
is  made  of  a  salmon-colored  gritstone,  and  is  of  the  usual  type,  semi-cylin- 
drical with  a  longitudinal  groove  on  the  flat  side,  in  this  case  a  very  small 
groove  such  as  might  occur  if  it  had  not  been  much  used.  In  the  Nez  Perce 
region  to  the  east,^  according  to  Spinden,  there  have  been  found  an  arrow- 
shaft  smoother  made  up  of  two  somewhat  rectangular  blocks  of  light  tufa, 
each  with  a  semi-cylindrical  groove  in  one  side  and  a  soapstone  object  which 
he  considers  to  be  an  arrow-shaft  polisher,  but  I  have  considered  this  as  a  mat 
presser. 

Tools  Used  by  Women. 

A  number  of  implements  were  found  which  may  have  served  for  the 
preparation  of  skins  and  for  sewing.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  skin 
scrapers,  awls,  a  needle,  and  a  mat  presser. 

Scrapers  Chipped  from  Stone.  The  scrapers  chipped  from  stone,  shown 
in  Figs.  49  to  52,  and  considered  among  tools  used  by  men  on  pp.  67-68, 
may  possibly  have  been  used  on  skins  although  they  seem  rather  small  for 
such  a  purpose.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  53,  made  from  a  flat  circular 
pebble  was  foimd  on  the  surface  of  the  bank  of  the  Columbia  River,  near 
the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.  The  edges  are  chipped  in  such  a  way  that  it  has 
been  brought  somewhat  to  the  form  of  a  square.     This  object  would  serve 


1  Smith  (d),  Figs.  8  to  19;   (c),  Figs.  332  i-j  and  :5;i4. 

2  Smitli  (d),  p.  145;    (c),  p.  419. 

3  Smith  (a),  p.  190;   (b),  p.  438. 

4  Spinden,  p.  187,  Fig.  32,  Plate  vii. 


70 


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well  as  a  skin  scraper  if  hafted  in  the  split  end  of  a  stick  and  used  like  similar 
im])lements  seen  in  use  by  us  among  the  natives  of  tire  Thompson  River 
region.^  It  resembles  archaeological  specimens  from  the  same  area."  In 
the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east  ^  a  disk-shaped  si)all  struck  from  a  boulder 
was  used  for  skin  scraping.  Another  form,  .shown  in  Fig.  54,  is  chipped 
from  a  pebble,  probably  a  flat  circular  one.  Along  one  side,  the  surface  of 
the  pebble  shows,  but  on  the  other  it  has  been  completely  chipped  away. 
In  outline,  the  object  is  elliptical,  but  has  a  slight  tendency  to  be  pointed  at 
each  end.  It  is  lenticular  in  section,  with  the  edges  jaggcdly  sharp.  This 
reminds  us  of  certain  specimens  found  at  Columbus  and  The  Dalles,  Avhich 
have  the  same  general  shape,  but  are  ground  and  polished,  so  that  no  signs 
of  chipping  remain  on  some  of  them.     It  seems  probable  that  this  specimen 


Fig.  53. 


Fig.  54. 


Fig.  53  (202-8302).  Scraper  chipped  from  a  Flat  Circular  Pebble.  From  the  .surface  of 
the  bank  of  Columbia  River  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.      ^  nat.  size. 

Fig.  54  (202-8307).  Scraper  or  Knife  chipped  from  a  Pebble.  From  the  surface  of  the 
bank  of  Columbia  River,  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids,     i  nat.  size. 


is  a  roughcd-out  form  o''  the  same  kind,  which  may  have  been  used  in  its  pres- 
ent condition,  or  was  intended  to  be  fini.shed  by  grinding  and  i)olishing.  It 
seems  (piite  likely  that  this  im])lement  may  have  been  hafted  in  the  end  of  a 
split  stick  and  used  as  a  skin  scraper,  similar  to  those  previously  mentioned. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  may  have  been  held  in  the  hand  and  used  in  scra])ing 
skins  or  perhai)S  as  a  knife.  It  was  found  with  another  on  the  surface  of  the 
bank  of  the  Columbia  River,  ncai-  the  head  of  Priest  Ra])ids.  Another  of 
these  (202-8117)  was  found  on  the  surface  at  Kennewick.  'J'lic  spccinicn 
shown  in  Fig.  55  is  simply  an  oval  water-worn  pe])ble  with  one  edge  chipi)ed 
on  both  sides.     It  is  115  nun.  Ion*:  ))v  Ki  nun.  tliick,  ni:i\-  be  an  unfinished 


1  Teit   i,a,i,  I'it;.  l,  I'latc  xiv,  ami  Imjl 

2  Smith  (d).  Fig.  64;    (c).  Fig.  355. 

3  Spinden,  p.  215. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  71 

object,  if  not  a  scraper  or  knife,  and  Avas  found  on  the  surface  of  the  bank 
of  the  Columbia  River  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids. 

Scra'pers  Rubbed  from  Bone.  Scrapers  made  of  bone,  similar  to  those 
found  by  us  in  the  Thompson  River  region  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Puget 
Sound  ^  were  not  seen  in  the  Yakima  region. 

Awls  Rubbed  from  Bone.  Awls  made  of  bone  have  been  found  in  this 
area.  The  specimens  made  of  stone,  mentioned  on  p.  25  among  chipped 
points,  and  on  p.  66  among  drills  may  have  been  used  by  women  for  the 
same  purposes.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  56,  was  found  on  the  surface 
of  an  island  in  the  Columbia  River  near  the  mouth  of  the  Snake,  and  it  is 
bleached  from  exposure.  It  was  collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  D.  W. 
Owen.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  57,  was  found  on  an  island  in  the 
Columbia  River,  forty  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Snake,  and  it  is  bleached 
from  exposure  on  the  surface.     The  shaft  is  nearly  circular  in  cross  section 


Fig.  55  (202-8297).     Scraper  or  Knife  chipped  from  a  Pebble.     From  tiie  surface  of  tlie 
bank  of  Columbia  River,  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids,     i  nat.  size. 

and  tapers  to  a  point  for  one  half  its  length.  The  base  ends  in  a  flat  elbow 
piece.  The  outline  of  the  end  of  this  projection  is  rounded.  The  specimen 
was  collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  D.  W.  Owen. 

No  awls  made  from  the  proximal  part  of  the  idna  of  the  deer  were  seen 
by  us  in  this  area,  although  it  will  be  remembered  they  were  found  in  the 
Thompson  River  region  ^  and  are  reported  from  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the 
east  by  Spinden  who  says  that  they  were  used  in  braiding  rope.^  We  found 
them  on  the  coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Washington.^  The  same  re- 
marks are  true  of  awls  made  of  the  distal  end  of  the  metapodial  of  the  deer.^ 


1  Smith  (d),  Figs.  65  and  66;  (c),  Fig.  356;   (a),  Fig.  34;  Teit  (a\  Figs.  128  and  129. 

2  Smith  (c),  Fig.  357. 

3  Spinden,  p.  189,  Plate  vii,  Fig.  29. 

4  Smith  {a),  p.  no  {Eburne  and  Hammond);  (b),  p.  317,  (Cowio.r);  p.S-il  (Saanich);  p.  377, 
(Sianwood);  p.  389,  iNew  Dungeness). 

8  Smith  (d).  Fig.  74;    (c).  Fig.  357;    (a).  Fig.  35,  (Eburne);    (b),  p.  317,  (Comox);   p.  348, 
(.Saanich). 


72 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xutural  Ilistonj.    [Vol.  VI, 


Fig.  56. 


Fig.  57. 


Fig.  56  (20.0-1466).  Awl  made  of  Bone.  From  the  surface  of 
an  Island  in  Columbia  River  near  the  mouth  of  the  Snake.  ^  nat.  size. 
(Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Owen.) 

Fig.  57  (20.0-1465).  Awl  made  of  Bone.  From  an  Island  in 
Columbia  River,  forty  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Snake.  *  nat. 
size.      (Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.   Owen.) 

This  seems  rather  interesting  since  these  two  kinds  of 
awls,  each  made  of  a  .special  bone  are  so  commonly 
found  and  so  widely  distributed  in  America  that  it 
seems  hardly  possible  that  they  may  not  yet  be  found 
in  this  region.  Simple  sharpened  bone  implements 
which  are  said  to  have  been  used  as  awls  are  found  in 
the  Nez  Perce  region  '  \\  Jicre  according  to  Spinden,  a 
small  awl  was  used  in  m;d<iiig  l)a.skctry  but  we  saw 
none  in  the  Yakima  region  not  considered  to  be  ])()ints 
for  arrows  or  spears. 

Needles.  Onlyone  object  which  may  be  considered 
as  a  needle  was  seen  by  us  in  the  Yakima  region,  and 
it  will  be  rememlxM-ed  that  they  are  rare  on  tlic  coast  of 
British  Coliuubia  and  Washington,  except  in  the  Lower 


Fig.  58.  Spatulate 
Object  made  of  Bone. 
From  the  Yakima 
Valley.  i  nat  size. 
(Drawn  from  photo- 
graph 44503,  6-4. 
Original  cal  alogue  No. 
1 3  in  t  he  collection  of 
Mr,  Janeck.) 


1  Spui.i.'ii,  p.  is'.t,  I'hite  VII,  Figs.  27  and  28. 


1910.] 


Smith,   The   Yakima  Valley. 


73 


Fraser  ^  country,  although  they  were  common  in  the  Thompson  River 
region.-  This  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  58  is  a  long  needle-like  object,  Xo. 
13,  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.  The  object  is  warped  or  bent  like  the 
needles  used  in  the  Puget  Sound  country  to  string  cat-tail  stalks  together  in 
order  to  make  mats.  This  specimen  is  291  mm.  long.  The  point  is  sharp- 
ened and  although  the  side  edges  are  flat,  it  somewhat  resembles  a  paper 
knife.  At  a  point  nearly  one  third  of  its  length  from  the  base,  it  is  perforated 
through  the  middle  by  gouging  from  each  side.  The  base  is  notched,  in 
such  a  way  that  the  object  is  bilaterally  symmetrical  as  shown  in  the  illustra- 
tion.    It  may  possil)ly  but  not  probably  have  served  as  a  sap  scraper.^ 


^ 


>» 


Fig.  59  a.  Object  made  of  Steatite,  probably  a  Mat  Presser.  From  Prosser.  i  nat.  size. 
(Drawn  from  pliotograph  44504,  6-5.  Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Spalding),  b,  Part  of 
Incised  Pictograph  on  Object  Shown  in  a. 

Mat  Pressers.  Mat  pressers,  or  objects  that  are  considered  to  he  such, 
made  of  stone  are  commonly  found  in  the  area  immediately  to  the  south. 
No  objects  recognized  as  such  Avere  found  by  us  in  the  Thompson  River 
region,  and  from  the  coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Washington  there  is 
only  one.  It  is  made  of  stone  ^  and  was  found  at  Cadboro  Bay  near  Victoria. 
Specimens  made  of  wood  are  Aery  common  among  the  present  natives  of 
the  same  coast.  A  ground  soapstonc  object  from  the  Nez  Perce  region  is 
considered  by  Spinden  an  arrow-shaft  polisher,'^  but  seems  to  me  more 
likely  to  be  a  mat  [n-esser  of  the  tyi)e  found  in  the  region  iunnediately  south 
of  the  Yakima  area. 

The  object  shown  in  Fig.  59  which  may  be  an  unfinished  l~)ipe,  is  of  the 


1  Smith,  (a),  Fig.  36. 

2  Smith  (d).  Figs.  76-78;    (c),  Fig.  358. 

3  Museum  negative  no.  44503  (6-4). 

4  Smith  (b),  Fig.  146. 

6  Spinden,  Plate  vii.  Fig.  34. 


74  Anthropological   Papers   American   Museum   of  Natural   History.    [Vol.  \'I, 

form  of  a  flattened  cylinder,  made  of  steatite  and  was  found  at  Prosser  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  area  here  considered.  The  surface  is  marked  with 
incised  figures,  })art  of  which  are  ilhistrated  in  Fig.  59b  and  described  on 
p.  124.  The  groove  on  one  side  suggests  that  it  may  have  been  used  as  a 
mat  presser  such  as  are  used  to  string  cat-tails  and  tule  stalks.  The  cylin- 
drical bore  in  the  top  is  25  mm.  deep  by  10  mm.  in  diameter  and  its  to])  is 
funnel-shaped.     The  original  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Spalding.^ 


Processes  of  INIanufacture. 

The  processes  of  manufacture  employed  in  this  area  as  indicated  by  the 
archaeological  objects  found  include  fracturing  by  chipping  and  flaking, 
pecking  or  bruising,  grinding,  polishing,  cutting  by  grooving  and  breaking, 
incising,  whittling  and  gouging,  and  drilling.  The  materials  Avorked  by 
each  of  these  processes  may  be  seen  among  the  specimens  here  figured  and 
described.  Spinden  states  ^  that  in  the  Nez  Perce  area  chipped  implements 
were  made  by  the  men  and  that  the  pecked  artifacts  were  made  by  the 
women. 

Life  Histories  of  Manufactured  Objects. 

The  story  of  the  manufacture  of  the  objects  found  from  the  securing  of 
the  raw  material  to  their  finished  and  to  their  worn  out  and  broken  condition 
is  not  shown  completely  in  the  case  of  more  than  one  class  of  objects,  viz., 
chipped  implements,  but  in  a  number  of  cases  the  signs  of  manufacture  have 
not  been  entirely  obliterated  and  some  specimens  are  figured  and  described 
which  are  undoubtedly  in  ])rocess  of  manufacture.  Plate  in.  Fig.  1  shows 
a  (juarry  from  which  material  for  the  manufacture  of  chi])pe(l  im])lements  was 
obtained.  A  description  of  this  has  been  given  on  }).  IG.  Here  could  be 
seen  the  hammers,  one  of  which  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  40,  that  were  used  in 
breaking  up  the  raw  material,  and  the  material  in  various  stages  of  chipping 
and  flaking  together  with  the  waste  ])roducts.  In  Plates  i  and  ii  may 
be  seen  the  more  or  less  coinpleted  chipped  im])lements.  It'  points  of  antler 
were  use  d  as  flakers,  they  were  either  not  found  or  recognized  by  us.  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Cotton,  tlicrc  arc  niunerous  (•hi])s  within  the  "fort"  men- 
tioned on  p.  82.  One  other  exami)le  of  a  series  illustrating  the  life  history  of 
an  object  may  be  iiunitioncd,  namely,  that  of  the  pestles.     Many  oblong  ])el)- 

1  Museum  negative  no.  44504,  6-5. 

2  Spinden,  p.  185. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  75 

bles  suitable  for  pestles  without  being  ehanged  from  their  natural  fonn  were 
seen  in  both  the  Yakima  and  the  Cohunbia  Valleys.  Other  pebbles  re- 
quired but  slight  shai)ing  to  bring  them  to  the  required  form.  Fig.  22  illus- 
trates such  a  pebble  M'hich  is  in  process  of  shaping  by  pecking  or  bruising 
and  Fig.  43  shows  a  suitable  tool  for  executing  the  work.  After  being  fully 
shaped  by  this  process  such  pestles  were  polished  but  the  materials  used  for 
this  purpose,  whether  sandstones  and  similar  abrasives,  the  horse  tail  rush 
or  the  bare  hand,  are  not  known. 


War. 

Im'plements  used  in  Warfare.  The  objects  considered  under  hunting 
on  p.  23  et  seq.,  such  as  chipped  points  for  spears,  arrows  and  knives  may 
have  served  in  warfare;  so  also  may  bows,  mentioned  on  p.  29.  Others 
that  were  considered  as  tools,  on  p.  57  ef  seq.,  such  as  the  celt  and  hand- 
adze,  may  have  been  used  as  weapons  in  war  times;  but  there  are  some 
objects  that  were  probably  useful  only  in  warfare.  Prominent  among  these 
are  the  club-heads  and  clubs,  made  of  stone,  shown  in  Figs.  60-68.  No 
clubs  made  of  copper,  antler  or  whale's  bone  have  been  seen  by  us  that  are 
certainly  from  this  region  although  it  will  be  remembered  '■  that  such  were 
foimd  in  the  Thompson  River  region,  lying  to  the  north,  that  the  latter  are 
common  on  the  coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Washington  -  to  the  west  of 
this  area  and  that  one  of  whale's  bone  labeled  from  the  upper  Columbia 
River  has  been  figured  in  my  report  on  the  archaeology  of  Puget  Sound."' 

Grooved  Pebbles,  Club-heads,  or  Sinkers.  The  grooved  spheroid  pebble, 
shown  in  Fig.  00,  was  found  on  the  Yakima  Reservation  near  Union  Gap 
and  is  in  the  collection  of  jNIr.  Janeck.  There  are  two  encircling  grooves 
which  cross  each  other  at  nearly  right  angles.  These  have  been  made  by 
pecking.  At  one  intersection  of  the  grooves,  the  object  shows  signs  of  bat- 
tering such  as  may  have  resulted  from  pounding  with  it,  or  such  as  may 
have  been  made  to  form  a  pit  for  the  reception  of  a  handle  end.  It  is  prob- 
ably a  club-head,  net  sinker  or  gaming  stone  ^  similar  to  those  used  in  the 
Thompson  River  region.^  In  the  Nez  Perce  region  "  to  the  east  unworkcd 
river  boulders  sewed  in  skin,  were  used  for  the  heads  of  ^\■ar  clubs  which 
were  sometimes  also  used  in  killing  game.     This  kind  of  club  is  the  same 


1  Smith  (d),  Figs.  81  and  82;   (c),  Fig.  359. 

2  Smith,  (b),  Figs.  165-171. 

3  Smith  (b),  Fig.  166d. 

4  Smith  (d),  Fig.  39;    (c),  p.  440;   Teit  (a),  p.  279. 
6  Museum  negative  no.  44455,  2-4. 

fi  Spinden,  pp.  188  and  227,  also  Fig.  5». 


re 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI» 


used  bv  the  eastern  Indians,  aceording  to  I^ewis  ^  ar.d  was  probably  intro- 
duced. The  spheroid  specimen  made  of  haid  lava,  possibly  traj),  shown  in 
Fig.  61,  was  found  on  the  Yakima  Reservation  near  Union  Gap,  and  is  also 
in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.  There  are  three  grooves,  marking  great 
circles  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  These  have  been  made  by  pecking.  At 
each  pole  or  the  intersection  of  two  of  these  grooves,  at  the  top  and  bottom 
in  the  illustration,  and  in  each  area  marked  out  by  the  grooves  is  a  pit  mak- 
ing a  total  of  ten.  In  the  equatorial  grooves  are  the  remains  of  two  parallel 
strings,  each  twisted  to  the  right  or  contra-screw-wise,  made  up  of  two  strings 
twisted  to  the  left  and  remains  of  a  fabric  of  loose  mesh  overlying  the  strings. 
It  measures  70  mm.  Ijv  03  mm.  by  57  mm.'     A  club-head  made  of  stone 


Fig.  60. 


Fig.  61. 


Fig.  60.  Grooved  Pebble.  From  the  Yakima  Reservation  near  the  Gap.  ^  nat.  size. 
(Drawn  from  photograph  44455,  2-4.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.) 

Fig.  61.  Club-head  or  Sinker  made  of  I^ava.  From  the  Yakima  Ile.servation  near  the 
Gap.  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  photograpli  44503,  6-4.  Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Janeck.) 

with  a  handle  covered  with  rawhide  and  horsehair,  was  seen  by  us  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.  The  head  is  grooved,  circvdar  in  cross  section, 
and  has  conoid  ends.  It  consequently  resembles  the  stone  clubs  of  the  east- 
ern Plains.  The  objects  shown  in  Figs.  14-16  and  considered  as  sinkers, 
may  have  been  fastened  to  handles  and  used  as  heads  for  war  ehibs  or  as 
'canoe  smashers'  in  warfare. 

Stone  Chihs.  The  club  ^  shown  in  Fig.  62,  is  made  of  serpentine.  The 
handle  is  oval  but  a])proaches  a  lenticular  form  in  cross  section.  There  are 
eighteen  notches  across  one  edge  of  the  knob  and  eight  on  the  other.  The 
blade  is  of  the  characteristic  form  with  lenticular  cross  section  but  thicker 
than  the  thin  type  of  stone  clubs  of  this  form  such  as  are  found  n(^ar  the 


1  Lewis,  p.  189. 

2  Museum  negative  no.  44455,  2-4. 

3  First  mentioned  on  p.  414  and  Fig.  174a,  Smith  (b). 


1910.1 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


it 


coast. ^  The  tip  is  rather  bhint.  The  reverse  is  the  same  as  the  obverse. 
It  is  from  Methow  River,  Okanogan  County  and  here  ilhistrated  from  a 
sketch  by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Willoughby  of  the  original  in  the  Peabody  Museum, 
Harvard  University. 

The  club  shown  in  Fig.  63  was  found  in  the  Yakima  Valley  on  the  west 
side  of   the  river  between  Wenas   Station   and  Upper  Gap  above  North 


WSi-^ 


m 


Fig.  62.  Fig.  63. 

Fig.  62.  Club  made  of  Serpentine.  From  Metliow  River,  Okanogan  County,  i  nat. 
size.  (Drawn  from  sketches  by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Willoughby.  Orisiual  catalogue  No.  6479.5  in 
the  Peabody  Museum,   Cambridge,  Mass.) 

Fig.  63.  Club  made  of  Serpentine  From  the  Yakima  Valley,  between  Wenas  Station 
and  the  Gap  above  North  Yakima.  \  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  pliotographs  44453,  2-2,  and 
44500,  6-1.     Original  catalogue  No.  44  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.) 


Yakima.     It  is  made  of  seri)entine  of  a  mottled  yellow,  l)rown  and  green 
color.     It  is  26  mm.  long,  and  of  the  form  of  a  rather  thick,  elongated  a])ple 


'   Sniitli  (b),  Fig.  172a,  b. 


78  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

seed,  with  the  upper  mikI  lower  ends  cut  off.  The  top  is  of  the  form  of  a 
symmetrical  celt  with  a  dull  edge  and  is  bevelled  about  equally  from  each 
side.  The  handle,  which  is  22  mm.  thick,  is  the  thickest  part  of  the  object, 
rather  oval  in  section  and  merges  into  the  blade,  which  is  paddle-shaped, 
lenticular  in  cross  section  and  terminates  in  a  celt-like  end  which  is  dull  and 
bevelled  about  equally  from  each  side.^  It  is  catalogue  No.  44  in  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  .Taneck.-  A  club  of  this  general  type  has  been  found  as  far  east 
as  Sand  Point,  Idaho,  the  most  eastern  occurrence,  as  was  mentioned  on 
p.  413  of  my  "Archaeology  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  Puget  Sound," 
where  all  the  clubs  of  this  type  from  Northwestern  America  are  discussed. 
On  the  west,  they  seem  to  range  from  the  Klamath  ^"alley  to  the  head  of 
Puget  Sound. 

The  club,  shown  in  Fig.  04  ^  is  made  of  stone  and  has  a  blade  rather 
lenticular  in  cross  section,  but  bulging  somewhat  so  that  it  reminds  us  of  the 
clubs  of  the  lozenge-shaped  cro.ss  section.*  It  is  265  mm.  long,  by  25  mm. 
thick.  The  handle  is  somewhat  lenticular,  but  tends  to  be  hexagonal  in 
section,  with  rounded  corners  and  meets  the  blade  abruptly.  There  is  a 
saddle-shaped  knob  at  the  top  with  an  incised  geometric  design  in  the  hollow. 
The  upper  part  of  the  right  edge  of  this  knob  is  flat  witli  two  incisions  across 
it,  while  the  lower  part  is  rounded.  A  stone  clul)  with  similar  handle  is 
known  from  Puget  Sound.'^  The  specimen  is  catalogue  No.  40  in  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  Janeck,  and  was  secured  by  him  from  the  York  collection. 
It  was  originally  collected  from  an  Indian  woman  on  the  Yakima  Reserva- 
tion.^ 

The  club  shown  in  I'ig.  Go  is  made  of  diabase  or  allied  material  and  is 
338  mm.  in  length.  It  is  bilaterally  symmetrical  and  the  reverse  and  obverse 
are  alike.  TJie  handle  is  oval  in  cross  section  and  terminates  in  a  knob 
fi'oiii  which  it  is  separated  by  a  slight  groove.  In  the  top  of  the  knob  is  a 
de})ress:on  as  if  there  had  been  a  hole  peckcul  through  the  form,  tapering 
from  each  side,  as  in  the  clubs  or  slave-killers  having  lozenge-shaped  cross 
section  from  the  coast  there  "^  the  top  broken  off  and  the  broken  edges  rounded, 
as  in  the  club  with  lozenge-sha])ed  cross  section  from  Copalis  on  the  coast 
of  Washington.**  But  such  is  not  the  case;  the  notch  resembles  that  of  the 
chil)  shown  in   I-"ig.  04,  slightly  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  62,  both  from  this 


'  Smith  (bj,  p.  417. 

2  Museum  negatives  nos.  44453,  2-2,  and  44500,  fl-1. 

3  First  shown  in  Smith  (b),  Fis.  177a. 
■1  Smith  (b),  p.  415. 

5  Siintli  (b).  FiK.  177b. 

«  .Museum  negatives,  nos.  4445.3,  2-2  and  44500,  6-1. 
7  Smith  (b),  Figs.  175  and  17»). 
Ihid.,  Fig.  175e. 


1910.J 


SmitJi,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


79 


region,  and  one  from  Burton  on  Puget  Sound. ^  The  blade  is  paddle-shaped 
hke  the  large  end  of  an  apple  seed,  lenticular  in  cross  section,  with  a  mid-rib 
on  each  side  which  runs  out  about  10  mm.  from  the  end  of  the  club.-  It  was 
found  on  the  surface  at  Union  Gap,  below  Old  Yakima,  and  is  in  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  Janeck.^ 


m- 


m 


:'T 


Fig.  64 


Fig.  65 


Fig.  66 


Fig.  64.  Club  made  of  Stone.  From  Yakima  Reservation,  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from 
photograplis  44500,  6-1,  and  44453,  2-2.     Original  in  tfie  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.) 

Fig.  65.  Club  made  of  Stone.  From  the  surface  at  Union  Gap  below  Old  Yakima.  J  nat. 
size.  (Drawn  from  photographs  44453,  2-2,  and  44501,  6-2.  Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Janeck.) 

Fig.  66.  Club  made  of  Stone.  From  the  surface  at  Union  Gap  below  Old  Yakima.  J  nat. 
size.  (Drawn  from  photographs  44453,  2-2,  and  44501,  6-2.  Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Janeck.) 

The  stone  club,  shown  in  Fig.  GO,  was  found  on  the  surface  at  Union  Gap, 
below  Old  Yakima.  It  is  of  a  purplish  gray  lava- like  material.  The 
handle  is  oval  in  cross  section  with  a  knob  at  the  end  which  is  somewhat 
flattened  on  each  side  and  slopes  towards  the  rounded   top  like  a   blunt 


1  Ibid.,  Fig.  177b. 

2  First  mentioned.  Smith,  (b),  p.  416  and  Fig.  177c. 

3  Museum  negatives,  nos.  44453,  2-2,  and  44501,  6-2. 


80  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Histunj.    [WA.  VI, 

symmetrical  celt.  The  blade  has  convex  side  edges  which  are  nearly  flat 
and  about  18  mm.  wide.  It  is  thicker  in  the  middle  than  at  the  edg'es  and 
bears  a  mid-rib  of  the  shajie  of  a  railroad  embankment  \\  ith  rounded  anjyjles, 
from  the  handle  to  the  end.  On  each  side  of  this  mid-rib,  the  surface  is 
nearly  flat.  The  end  of  the  blade  is  nearly  flat.  The  specimen  is  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.^ 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  thin  stone  clubs  found  here  have  no  mid-rib. 
Clubs  made  of  stone,  whale's  bone  or  wood  with  such  mid-ribs  are  unknown 
from  the  coast  but  are  found  with  median  decoration  in  place  of  a  mid-rib, - 
those  of  whale's  bone  .being  common  and  a  thin  club  made  of  copper  with  a 
median  decoration  was  found  at  Spuzz.um  in  the  interior  of  Southern  British 
Columbia.^ 

' Slave-klUernJ  A  'slave-killer"  or  club,  made  of  frial)le  stone  shown  in 
Fig.  67,  was  found  on  the  surface  of  Union  Gap,  below  Old  Yakima. 
It  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.  The  object  has  a  blade  which  sets 
out  from  the  handle  and  resembles  in  shape  the  typical  'slave-killer'  in  that 
it  is  lozenge-shaped  in  cross  section  with  bulging  sides  and  rounded  angles. 
The  handle  is  oval  or  nearly  circular  in  cross  section,  and  slightly  larger  at 
the  top  where  there  is  no  knob  or  i)erforation  as  in  the  typical  club  of  this 
type.^  The  object  is  377  mm.  long,  03  mm.  wide,  and  41  mm.  thick.''* 
The  club  or  'slave-killer'  made  of  stone,  shown  in  Fig.  68,  was  found  at 
Lake  Chelan,  and  is  280  mm.  long.  It  is  owned  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Ridout  of 
Chelan,  Chelan  County.  The  handle  terminates  in  a  knob,  which  re- 
sembles the  form  of  an  animal  head.  This  knob  is  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
the  two  lobes  possibly  representing  ears,  and  the  lower  tip  projects  beyond 
the  liaudle  of  tlie  ol)ject.  One  si<h%  the  larger  surface,  stands  at  about  45 
degrees  to  the  axis  of  the  clul)  and  is  bisected  by  a  deep  incision,  on  each 
side  of  which  are  two  circles,  which  ])rol)ably  r('])resent  eyes.  On  either 
edge  of  this  knob  are  thirteen  incisions.  The  handle  which  is  nearly  circu- 
lar in  cross  .section,  bears  four  vertical  rows  of  horizontally  arranged  inci- 
sions and  expands  suddenly  edgewise  to  form  the  blade  which,  however,  on 
its  upi)er  and  lower  surfaces  is  ])r;i(li(ally  continuous  with  the  handle. 
The  blade  is  nearly  circular  in  cross  section  and  tapers  gradually  to  a 
rather  blunt  ])()int.     The  object  is  probably  a  ceremonial  im[)leinent. 

The  stone  objects  considered  as  pestles  and  sIioan  ii  in  Figs.  32  and  35 
may  have  been   used   as   war  clubs.     The  object   made  of  friable-  stone, 

1  Museum  negatives  nos.  44453,   2-2,  and  44.501,  6-2.     First  mentioned  on  p.  416  and 
figured  in  Smith,  (b).  Fig.  177d. 

2  Smith  (Ij),  Figs.  17.3ii,l);   169;i;  16.5a,  c-g;  166a,  1),  d-g;  167a-d;  168a,  c,  d:  1  69f  and  170a. 

3  Ibid.,  Fig.  172d. 

••  Ibid.,  Figs.  17.5,  176  and  177f. 

5  First  mentioned  ibid.,  p.  418.     Museum  negatives  nos.  44453,   2-2  and  44500,  6-1. 


1910.1 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


81 


shown  in  Fig.  G9  Avas  menlioncd  on  p.  39  as  possibly  having  been  used  as  a 
pestle  and  again  on  p.  65  as  being  suitable  for  use  as  a  whetstone.  It 
seems  most  likely,  however,  that  it  served  as  an  implement  of  war  or  as  a 
'slave-killer.'     It  is  roughly  of  the  shape  of  a  cigar.     The  upi)er  end  is 


» >' 


■  \-> 


-  ''■  'tffl 


Fig.  67. 


Fig.  68. 


Fig.  69. 


Fig.  67.  Club  made  of  Stone.  From  the  surface  at  Union  Gap  below  Old  Yakima. 
J  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  photographs  44453,  2-2,  and  44500,  6-1.  Original  in  the  collection 
of  Mr.  Janeck.) 

Fig.  68.  Club  made  of  Stone.  From  I^ake  Chelan.  J  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  a  sketch 
furnished  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Ridout.     Original  in  his  collection.) 

Fig.  69.  War  implement  or  Slave  Killer,  made  of  Friable  Stone.  From  the  Yakima 
Valley.  J  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  pliotugraph  44503,  6-4.  Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Janeok.) 

nearly  flat  and  circular.  From  here  the  oliject  gradually  exjiands  for  about 
half  its  length  and  then  contracts  to  a  point,  being  nearly  circular  in  cross 
section  througliout.  It  is  2()S  inin.  long,  38  nun.  in  niaxinunn  diameter, 
and  19  nun.  in  diameter  at  the  lop.  It  was  found  in  the  Yakima  ^\dley 
and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.'  The  object  considered  as  a  hand- 
adze  and  shown  in  Fij:'.  4(),  mav  have  l)een  used  as  a  'slave-killer.' 


1  Mu.seum  negative  no.  44503,  6-4. 


82  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Iliatory.    [Vol.  VI, 

Xo  objects  considered  as  daggers  or  knives  and  made  of  antler  were 
found  by  us  in  this  region.  Although  it  will  be  remembered  ^  that  several, 
over  200  mm.  in  kuigtli,  were  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region. 

War  Co,stinnc.  The  costume  indicated  on  the  figure  carved  in  antler, 
described  under  the  section  of  dress  and  adornment,  \).  100,  referred  to  in 
the  discussion  of  art  on  p.  127,  and  shown  in  Fig.  121,  may  be  that  of  a 
warrior  as  is  sviggested  by  the  similarity  of  the  headdress  to  the  war-bonnet 
of  the  triljes  of  the  Plains.  That  the  war-bonnet  was  used  in  this  region 
is  strongly  suggested  not  only  by  this  headdress,but  also  by  those  represented 
in  the  ])ictographs  and  petroglyphs  as  well  as  by  the  wearing  of  it  by  the 
modern  Indians  of  this  area.  This  idea  is  further  strengthened  by  the  fact 
that  the  war-bonnet  is  worn  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east,"  where  it 
has  no  doubt  been  used  for  a  long  time,  although  it  may  originally  have  been 
derived  from  the  Plains.  The  Nez  Perce  sometimes  wore  streamers  with 
these  war-bonnets.  Spinden  states  thnt  the  early  Nez  Perce  Avar-bonnets 
differed  from  the  type  used  by  them  to-day,  and  that  exact  information 
about  them  is  difficult  to  obtain. 

Fortifications.  A  so-called  "Indian  fort"  is  situated  near  Rock  Creek 
about  six  miles  below  Rock  Lake.  It  is  about  a  mile  south  of  the  ranch 
of  Mr.  Frank  Turner  (p.  54),  and  shown  in  the  photogra])hs  reproduced 
in  Figs.  P  and  2\  Plate  vi.  These  were  taken  and  presented  by  ISIr.  J.  S. 
Cotton,  then  in  charge  of  the  cooperative  range  Mork  at  the  Washington 
State  Experiment  Station  at  Pullman,  who  furnished  from  his  notebook  all 
our  data  on  this  subject.  The  "fort"  is  built  on  a  fiat  knoll  of  about  fifteen 
feet  in  height  and  with  precipitous  sides.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  circle,  being 
enclosed  about  four  fifths  of  the  way  around.  The  wall  is  built  of  flat  rocks 
which  are  tilted  in  such  a  manner  that  they  will  glance  all  projectiles  into 
the  air.  There  were  numerous  arrow  chipi)ings  within  the  "fort."  There 
are  many  Indian  graves  supposed  to  be  very  old,  two  pits  believed  to  mark 
building  sites,  and  a  long  line  of  stones  in  the  vicinity  (pp.  140,  54,  29). 

Woinids.  The  skull  of  skeleton  No.  99-431S,  found  in  rock-slide  grave 
No.  10  (5)  on  the  north  side  of  the  Naches  River  half  a  mile  above  its  mouth, 
showed  where  the  right  side  of  the  orbit  had  been  ])iereed  in  such  a  way  that 
the  malar  l)()nc  was  partly  severed  and  re})air  had  taken  place,  leaving  a 
large  anterio  lateral  projection  on  the  malar  bone.  ( )ne  rib  had  two  artic- 
ular surfaces  at  the  anterior  end. 


1  Smith  (d),  Fig.  80;    (c),  p.  423  and  Fig.  360. 

2  Spinden.  p.  228. 

3  From  the  interior. 
*  From  tlie  exterior. 


1910.1  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  83 


Dress  and  Adornment. 

Skins.  Tanned  skin  and  skin  bearing  hair  of  animals,  including  the 
deer,  and  feathers  of  the  woodpecker  have  been  found  in  the  graves  and 
were  evidently  portions  of  garments  or  of  pouches;  but  graves  containing 
these  materials  are  apparently  more  modern  than  some  of  the  others.  No 
skins  of  birds  were  found  by  us  in  this  whole  region.  The  scrapers  men- 
tioned on  page  69  and  the  hammers  as  well  possibly  as  the  grooved  stones 
mentioned  on  pages  30  and  75  may  have  contributed  to  the  making  of 
clothing:  the  former  for  scraping  skins,  the  latter  for  beating  and  softening 
them. 

Skin  (202-8223),  resembling  buckskin  or  leather  in  its  decomposed 
condition,  was  found  in  grave  No.  31  (2)  (99-4326),  in  the  rock-slide  near 
the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  immediately  below  EUensburg.  That  this 
grave  may  not  be  as  ancient  as  some  of  the  artifacts  here  described  is  sug- 
gested by  the  fact  that  a  small  piece  of  a  wooden  post,  not  completely  de- 
cayed, was  found  projecting  from  the  rock-slide  above  the  grave,  and  by 
the  presence  of  four  more  posts,  one  at  each  corner  of  the  grave,  extending 
down  from  the  level  of  the  rock-slide,  the  upper  parts  apparently  being 
entirely  decomposed.  The  remains  of  matting  which  had  been  wrapped 
around  the  body,  glass  beads  (202-8225)  and  three  bracelets  made  of  iron 
(202-8226),  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  96,  also  suggest  that  this  grave 
was  modern,  although  it  must  be  remembered  that  in  this  dry  climate, 
wooden  posts,  matting  and  iron  resist  decomposition  for  a  long  time.  The 
form  of  the  garment  or  other  object  made  up  of  this  skin  has  not  been  identi- 
fied, but  pieces  of  the  skin  are  joined  in  some  places  by  over-casting  with 
skin  thread;  in  others,  with  a  double  skin  thong  and  still  in  others  with  some 
sort  of  vegetable  fibre.  A  piece  of  deer  skin  (202-8230)  with  the  hair  on 
was  found  in  grave  No.  37  (4)  (99-4328),  in  the  same  rock-slide.  Here 
again,  the  presence  of  sticks  about  three  feet  long,  decayed  at  the  tops  and 
arranged  in  three  rows  of  matting  made  of  reeds  (202-8229  and  202-8230, 
Figs.  71-72),  and  of  beads  apparently  made  of  factory-rolled  copi)er,  sug- 
gest that  the  entire  contents  of  this  grave  are  modern. 

Fragments  of  skin  of  a  small  mammal,  with  the  hair  on,  which  had  been 
stitched  along  one  edge  with  what  appears  to  be  twisted  vegetable  fibre 
made  into  a  cord  of  two  strings  (202-8231),  was  found  in  grave  No.  34  (5) 
(99-4329)  in  the  same  rock-slide.  Here  again  were  found  evidences  sug- 
gesting the  grave  to  be  modern.  These  consisted  of  decayed  posts  cut  off 
at  the  surface  of  the  slide.  Among  the  other  objects  in  the  grave  were 
matting  (202-8232),  beads  (202-8233,  Fig.  74),  made  of  what  is  apjiarently 


84 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [\o\.  \I, 


factory-rolled  copper,  coarse  string  and  thono;,  some  of  which  is  wound  at 
the  ends  and  pieces  of  coarse  twisted  plant  fibre  upon  which  some  of  the 
beads  were  strung,  two  ornaments  (202-8234,  Fig.  1»1)  made  of  haliotis 
shell,  two  ])end;mts  made  of  what  a])pears  to  be  factory-rolled  copjjcr  (202- 
8235),  four  l)racclets  a])parcntly  made  of  similar  copper  (202-823G,  Fig.  95), 

a  square  pendant  (202-8238,  Fig.  78),  a  disk 
(202-8239,  Fig.  83),  both  of  which  seem  to  be 
made  of  factory-rolled  t  o})])cr  and  a  piece  of 
iron  (202-8242).  Among  the  rocks  above  the 
grave  were  found  a  copper  ornament  (202- 
8244),  a  brass  pendant  (202-8245,  Fig.  84), 
with  thong  and  copper  bead,  and  a  copper 
pendant  (202-8246,  Fig.  82). 

Matting.  Fragments  of  matting  of  vege- 
table fibre  sewed  or  twined  with  cords  made 
of  plant  material  were  found;  but  only  in 
recent  graves.  Such  graves  contained  objects 
introduced  into  the  region  since  the  advent  of 
the  whites.  These  fabrics  were  ])robably 
modern  but  were  in  no  way  affected  by  the 
coming  of  the  white  man  or  the  materials  se- 
cured from  him,  being  simply  found  in  these 
modern  graves  associated  with  artifacts  made 
from  material  secured  from  the  white  man. 
In  the  old  graves  they  have  ])robal)ly  long 
since  decayed.  S])indlc-whorls  were  not  found. 
P^'ig.  70  illustrates  the  stitch  of  a  ])iccc  of  mat- 
ting (202-8391)  of  a  well  known  type  consist- 
ing of  a  single  strand  warp  of  rushes  pierced 
at  intervals  by  the  weft  which  is  a  two-strand 
string.  It  is  similar  to  that  commonly  found 
in  the  Thomjjson  Kiver  region.'  This  si)eci- 
men  was  found  in  grave  No.  38  (1)  (99-4333) 
in  a  rock-slide  on  the  west  side  of  the  Columbia 
River,  near  the  head  of  Priest  Kapids.  The 
grave  was  probably  modern  as  is  suggested  by  stakes  nearly  six  feet  long 
which  projected  about  three  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  rock-slide  and  a 
roll  of  birch  bark^  (202-8392).  The  vegetable  fibre  used  in  sewing  these 
stalks  was  probably  the  same  as  that  used  by  the  present  Indians  as  was 


Fig.  70  (202-8391).  Diagram 
of  Stitch  of  Fragment  of  Rush 
Matting.  From  near  the  skin 
on  skeleton  in  grave  No.  38  (1) 
of  an  adult  in  a  rock-slide  on  the 
east  side  of  the  escarpment  near 
the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.  J 
nat.  size. 


1  Teit  (a),  Fig.  131c. 

2  Cf.  Smith  (<I),  Fig.  117. 


1910.] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


85 


thought  to  be  the  case  in  the  Thompson  River  region.^  Spinden  does  not 
mention  this  simple  type  of  sewed  mat  as  found  in  the  Nez  Perce  area." 
Fig.  71  shows  a  piece  of  matting  (202-8229)  of  a  new  type  consisting  of 
two  strands  of  what  seem  to  be  small  stalks  of  tule,  twisted  loosely  and 
pierced  at  each  half  turn  by  a  cord.  The  cord  is  a  two-strand  string,  the 
vegetable  fibre  of  the  individual  strands  not  seeming  to  be  twisted.  The 
interstices  are  wide.  It  was  found  under  the  pelvis  of  a  skeleton  of  a 
youth  (99-4228)  in  a  recent  grave,  No.  33  (4),  in  a  rock-slide  near  the 
mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  EUensburg.     This  piece  of  matting,  so  far 


Fig.  71  a  (202-8229).  Fragment  of  Matting,  made  of  Twined  Rush,  stitched  together  with 
twisted  cord.  From  under  the  pelvis  of  skeleton  in  grave  No.  33  (4)  in  a  rock-slide,  near  the 
mouth  of  Ciierry  Creek,  below  EUensburg.     6  Diagram  of  Stitch  of  a.     ^  nat.  size. 

as  I  am  aware,  is  th(>  first  specimen  of  a  new  type  collected  and  figured. 
It  was  first  brought  to  the  attention  of  students  in  190G  through  corre- 
spondence when  Professor  Otis  T.  Mason  stated  that  he  had  never  seen  an 
exam])le,  a  picture  or  a  description  of  just  that  technique.  It  was  shown  at 
the  annual  exhibition  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  in  December  of 
the  same  year,  but  reference  to  the  type  was  first  published  in  November 
1908  by  Spinden.''  In  tli(>  Thompson  River  region  this  tyj)c  has  not  been 
found.  Mr.  James  Teit  informs  me  that  he  asked  aU  the  old  Thompson 
Indian  women  of  the  vicinity  of  Spences  Bridge  about  this  type  of  matting, 


1  Smith  (c),  p.  423-   Teit  (a),  p.  188. 
-  Spinden   p.  195 
3  Siiindcn,  ii.  19.5. 


86  Anthrnpolngiral  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xatural  History.    [Vol.  ^'I, 

submitting  a  model  of  it  to  tliem  which  I  sent  him.  Thcv  all  stated  that 
they  never  saw  that  particular  type  made  in  the  Thompson  River  region 
and  if  ever  made  there  it  must  have  been  before  the  memory  of  those  now' 
living.  The  only  pierced  matting  made  there  as  far  as  they  have  ever 
known  is  the  tule  tent  mat/  but  the  strands  of  this  were  not  twisted,  being 
Hke  those  shown  in  Fig.  70.  They  had  a  weave  similar  to  this  and  the  same 
in  general  effect  in  the  common  mat  used  for  beds  and  on  which  to  sit, 
known  as  the  floor  mat,  but  the  strands  were  woven  and  not  stitched. - 
Certain  rush  bags  of  the  Quinault  and  the  ^Nlakah  resemble  this  type  of 
matting  but  the  rushes  are  not  pierced. 

Matting  (202-8162)  made  of  tule  stalks  stitched  together  with  cords 
twisted  to  the  right,  but  made  of  large  stalks  M'as  found  in  a  recent  grave, 
No.  10  (5)  in  the  rock-slide  on  the  north  side  of  the  Naches  River,  half  a 
mile  above  its  mouth.  Part  of  this  was  of  a  similar  type  and  stitched  with 
similar  cords  and  part  was  of  the  more  common  form  of  sewed  matting 
such  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  70.  This  grave  had  been  rifled,  and  the  presence 
of  bark,  a  portion  of  a  fire  drill  (202-8157),  part  of  a  wooden  bow  (202- 
8159),  two  pieces  of  a  finely  woven  basket  (202-8160)  and  copper  tubes 
apparently  of  rolled  copper,  suggest  that  it  was  modern. 

Fig.  72  illustrates  the  technirjue  of  a  piece  of  matting  of  open  twine 
weaving  made  of  rush  which  was  found  under  the  pelvis  of  the  skeleton  in 
grave  No.  33  (4)  of  a  youth  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek, 
below  Ellensburg.  Spinden  states  that  mats  were  made  in  the  Xez  Perce 
area,  of  cat-tail  stalks  held  together  by  two  twined  cords  and  that  mats  were 
used  for  house  and  floor  coverings  and  as  sheets  upon  which  to  dry  berries.^ 

The  string  of  all  these  fragments  of  matting  was  too  much  decayed  or 
fragmentary  for  determination.  It  will  be  remembered  that  both  sewed  and 
■woven  matting  were  found  in  the  graves  of  the  Thompson  River  region,* 
as  well  as  among  the  living  Indians.  It  seems  probable  that  these  mats 
were  made  and  used  one  above  the  other  like  great  shingles  for  covering  the 
summer  house,  for  Ix'ds  and  for  wraj)ping  the  dead,  w  liile  the  tliinner  pieces 
may  have  served  for  garments.  Food  was  ])robably  spread  on  them  to  dry 
and  they  no  doubt  served  many  other  purposes.  The  art  of  weaving  was 
practised  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  Xez  Perce  region  to  the  east,  although 
it  had  very  slight  development  in  the  Plains  area,  still  further  east.'' 

Cord  made  of  vegetable  fibre  (202-8233)  found  in  grave  No.  34  (5) 


T 


>   Teit  (a),  Fii?.  131c. 

2  Teit  (a),  Fit;.  131(1. 

3  Spinden,  p.  195. 

*  Smith  (c),  p.  423. 
'   8i)indoii,  p.  190. 


1910.] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


87 


(99-4329)  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  EUensburg, 
upon  which  copper  and  shell  beads  were  strung  was  made  of  two  strands, 
some  twisted  to  the  right,  others,  to  the  left  and  in  some  cases  a  single  cord 
was  used  for  stringing  the  beads,  while  in  other  cases  three  cords  were  used. 

A  roll  of  birch  bark  (202-8392)  was  found  in  grave  No.  38  (1)  (99-4333) 
in  a  rock-slide,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Columbia  River  near  the  head  of 
Priest  Rapids.     It  is  the  only  specimen  of  this  kind  that  was  found  by  us  in 
the  whole  area  although  it  will  be  remembered  ^ 
that   such   rolls   of   birch   bark  were  frec[uently 
found  in  graves  of  the  Thompson  River  region. 
As  stated  on  p.  84,  we  considered  this  grave  to 
be  modern. 

Ornainents.  A  great  variety  of  ornaments  was 
found,  but  most  of  these  were  in  graves  considered 
to  be  modern.  Among  the  finds  which  appear  to 
be  old,  none  of  them  having  been  found  in  graves 
considered  to  be  modern,  none  of  them  appearing 
to  be  made  of  commercial  material  and  all  of 
which  seem  to  be  of  native  technique  are  per- 
forated disks  of  stone  (202-8152),  and  bone,  (202- 
8227),  a  perforated  and  engraved  sea  shell  (202- 
8388),  and  haliotis  shell  from  the  Pacific  Ocean 
(202-8393),  both  plain  and  polished  dentalium 
shells,  pendants  made  of  what  is  apparently 
haliotis  shell,  a  nose  ornament  also  apparently 
made  of  haliotis  shell  (202-8252),  and  beads 
made  of  shell. 

Red  and  yellow  ochre,  blue  copper  clay,  and  ^^■llite  earth,  which  may 
have  been  used  for  paint  such  as  was  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region  ^ 
were  not  seen  by  us  in  this  area.  Although  charcoal,  which  may  have  been 
mixed  with  grease  and  used  for  paint,  was  frec[uently  found  there  was  no 
evidence  of  such  use. 

Combs.  Only  one  comb  was  seen  and  nowhere  throughout  the  area 
were  found  any  objects  known  to  have  been  used  as  head  scratchers  such 
as  were  not  uncommon  in  the  Thompson  River  rcgiim.^  The  comb  (Fig. 
73)  is  made  of  antler  and  was  found  where  a  creek  had  washed  it  out  of 
an  old  grave  at  Fort  Simcoe.  The  teeth  are  convex  in  outline,  the  back  is 
neiarly  straight  but  not  quite  parallel   with  the   line  of  the  teeth  and  the 


Fig.  72(202-8230).  Frag- 
ment of  Open- Twine  Matting, 
made  of  Rush.  From  under 
the  pelvis  of  skeleton  in  grave 
No.  33  (4)  of  a  youth  in  a 
rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of 
Cherry  Creek,  below  EUens- 
burg.    i  nat.  size. 


1  Smith,  (d),  Fig.  117. 

2  Smith,  (d),  p.  150;    (c),  p.  424. 

3  Smith,  (c),  p.  424;  Teit  (a),  p.  312. 


88  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xalural  History.    [\o\.  VI, 

ends  convex,  the  rear  end  being  shorter  than  the  other.  The  nineteen 
teeth  (one  perhaps  being  rather  wide  to  be  considered)  are  set  out  from 
each  other  by  grooves  on  each  side  of  the  comb.  This  edge  of  the  object 
is  somewhat  sharpened  making  tlie  lower  end  of  each  tooth  resemble  the 
shape  of  a  celt  or  wedge.  Near  the  back  of  the  comb  are  three  perfora- 
tions, one  in  the  middle  and  one  at  each  end,  the  latter  being  about  (M|ui- 
.  distant  from  both  the  back  and  the  end  of  the  comb.  The  hole  near  the 
short  end  of  the  comb  was  drilled  ta])ering  from  the  reverse,  while  the  two 
other  holes  were  drilled  tapering  part  way  through  from  each  side,  but 
slightly  farther  from  the  reverse  than  the  obverse.     The  specimen  is  in  the 

collection  of  Mrs.   Jay  Lynch    at  Fort 

Simcoe.^     A  comb  made  of  antler  was 

found  by  us  at  Lytton "  but  none  were 

seen   among   archaeological   finds   from 

the  other  parts  of  the  Thomi)so.n  River 

region,^    although    wooden    combs    are 

found    among  the  Indians  there,  as   in 

the   Nez   Perce    region    where    modern 

combs   were  made  of   narrow  strips  of 

Fig.    73.     Comb    made    of    Antler.      wood  lashcd  together.^     A  comb  of  antler 

From  a  grave  at  Fort  Simcoe.     i  nat.        ^^.^^  ^^^^^^   ^     ^3  j^  ^^le  main  shell  Ilea  I) 

size.     (Drawn  from  photograph  44.510,  .    "^  ' 

6-12.    Original  in  the  collection  of  Mrs.      at  EbuHie  in  the  Frascr  Dclta.^ 
^^"^^•)  Brads.      Among    beads,   some   made 

■  of  gla.ss  are  certainly  modern.  .Judging 
from  these  glass  beads,  others  found  associated  with  them  or  with  things 
of  white  manufacture  in  the  same  grave  are  also  modern;  while  some  seem 
to  be  old  and  from  sites  believed  to  be  ancient.  Besides  objects  truly  of 
the  shape  of  beads,  there  are  others,  as  for  instance  the  tubes  of  copper  such 
as  are  shown  in  Figs.  74  and  78,  some  oF  which  were  found  strung  with 
simple  bead  forms.  Otherwise,  they  might  ])ossibly  not  have  been  con- 
sidered as  beads.  Fig.  121  suggests  how  such  tubular  beads  of  copper  may 
have  been  worn  on  armlets  and  headdresses.  In  Fig.  74  are  illustrated  two 
fragmentary  strings  of  several  types  of  beads  from  a  number  which  were 
found  on  the  neck,  arms  and  legs  of  a  skeleton  in  grave  number  .')4  (5)  in  a 
rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  ('h(>rry  Creek  below  Pvllcnsburg.  The  short 
cylinders  are  sections  of  dentalium  shells,  longer  sections  appearing  occa- 


'   MuseiMii  negative  no.  44.")10,  6-12. 

2  Smith,  (d),  Fig.  83. 

3  Smith,  (c),  p.  424. 
■1  Spinden,  p.  221. 

5  Smith,  (al.  Fig.  42. 


1910. 


Smith,   The   Yakima  Valley. 


89 


sionally.  The  longest  cylinders  are  sheet  copper  rolled  into  cylindrical  form. 
The  lapping  edge,  in  most  of  the  beads  illustrated  is  irregular  and  varies 
in  thickness,  Avhich  suggests  that  they  were  beaten  out  of  native  copper 
rather  than  cut  out  of  factory-rolled  copper.  Of  course  this  appearance 
might  be  given  to  the  latter  by  beating  it.  Such  rolled  beads  made  of  copper 
are  found  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east  ^  and  in  the  Thompson  River 
area  to  the  north.-  These  shell  and  copper  beads  consequently  might  be 
considered  ancient  from  their  individual  appearance,  but  on  the  shorter 
string  are  some  more  or  less  spherical  beads  made  of  glass  which  of  course 
shows  that  all  these  beads  were  used  in  comparatively  recent  times.  The 
beads  on  the  longer  string  are  strung  upon  coarse  plant  fiber  twisted  into 


Fig.  74  (202-8233).  Beads  made  of  Copper,  Glass  and  Sections  of  Dentalium  Shells. 
From  neck,  arms  and  legs  of  skeleton  in  grave  No.  34  (5)  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of 
Cherry  Creek,  below  EUensburg.     i  nat.  size. 

a  two  strand  string  while  the  shorter  string  is  upon  a  much  smaller  fiber 
also  of  two  strands  which  are  twisted.  Some  of  the  other  beads  in  this  lot 
were  strung  upon  thongs. 

The  tubular  bead  shown  in  Fig.  75  is  made  of  brass,  proving  conclusively 
that  it  is  recent.  It  was  found  in  grave  No.  1  of  the  Yakima  ridge,  which 
contained  a  number  of  other  objects  that  might  characterize  the  grave  as 
ancient  were  it  not  for  the  presence  of  brass  beads.  A  smaller  but  sliglitly 
shorter  brass  bead  was  found  with  this.  It  contained  a  ])iec(>  of  stick,  but 
this  may  be  merely  the  rcmiuns  of  a  rootlet  many  of  which  liad  penetrated 
into  the  grave.  The  cd^i;es  of  th(>  outer  fold  as  well  as  the  ends  of  the 
bead  are  irregular  and  thinned  out  similar  to  the  corresponding  -parts  of  the 
co])])er  beads  shown  in  Fig.  74.     This  suggests  that  the  brass  may  have  been 


1  Spinden,  Plate  ix,  Figs.  16-18. 

2  Smith,  (c),  Fig.  371. 


^0 


Anlhropaloyical  Papers  A7)ierican   Museum  of  Natural  llislory.    [\o\.  W, 


pounded  into  sheets  by  the  natives  or  at  least  that  factory-rolled  brass  was 
pounded  by  them  in  manufacturing  the  bead.  It  also  shows  that  this 
characteristic  of  the  edges  of  coi)per  objects,  ^^•hile  it  may  suggest  that  they 
were  beaten  out  of  native  coj)per  and  are  consequently  ancient,  does  not 
prove  it.     Tubular  copper  beads  with  short  sections  of  dentalium  shell  were 


Fig.  75  (202-8148).      Bead  made  of  Brass.      From  grave  No.  1  In  a  rock-slide  of   the 
Yakima  Ridge.     Nat.  size. 


found  mixed  all  the  way  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  grave  number  10  (5) 
in  a  rock-slide  on  the  north  side  of  the  Xaches  River  about  half  a  mile  above 
its  mouth.  Some  of  these  were  slightly  larger  than  those  shown  in  Fig.  74. 
The  borie  tubes  shown  in  Figs.  97  and  98  and  those  described  on  p.  105 
under  games,  may  possibly  have  been  intended  for  beads  or  ornaments. 
Beads  were  made  of  bones  of  birds  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east.^ 

The  perforated  cylinder  made  of  serpentine  or 
steatite  shown  in  Fig.  99  may  also  have  been  used 
as  a  bead  or  ornament  instead  of  for  gambling. 
Shell  beads  of  disk  shape  such  as  are  shown  in 
Fig.  76  were  found  in  three  places.  Those  fig- 
ured were  among  the  refuse  of  a  grave  in  a  rock- 
slide  near  the  head  of  Priest  Ra])ids.  Two  were 
found  in  grave  No.  7  (4)  in  a  rock-slide  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  Yakima  Ridge.  A  brass 
button  and  three  glass  beads  were  found  with 
them.  Twenty-eight  of  them  were  foimd  in  tlie 
grave  of  a  child  in  a  rock-slide  on  the  west  side  of  the  Columbia  River  iwiw 
the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.  All  these  beads  seem  to  be  drilled  from  l)otli 
sides  or  at  least  each  end  of  the  bore  is  slightly  larger  than  the  middle. 
Somewhat  similar  disk-shaped  beads,  apparently  made  of  shell  are  found 
in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east,^  the  Thompson  area  to  the  north  •'  antl 
in  tiie  Fraser  Delta  '  of  the  coast  country  to  the  west. 

Dentalivm  Shells.      Dentalimn   shells,   some  broken   or  cut    into  short 


Fig.  76  (202-8384).  Beads 
made  of  Shell.  From  refuse 
•of  a  grave  in  a  rock-slide  near 
the  head  of  Priest  Rapids. 
Nat.  size. 


sections,  were  found  in  twelve  of  the  graves  ol 


tins  i-cgion. 


Two  of  these 


1  Spinden,  p.  189. 

2  Spinden,  Plate  ix,  Figs.  12  and  13. 

3  Smith,  (d),  p.  153;    (c),  p.  427. 
<  Smith,  (a),  p.  179. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  91 

graves  were  in  domes  of  volcanic  ash  and  probably  old;  five  of  them  were 
cremation  circles,  also  ancient,  while  five  Avere  rock-slide  graves  of  which 
three  were  surely  modern,  and  two  probably  so.  It  will  be  seen  that  the 
dentalia  beads  are  found  in  about  ecjual  proportions  in  old  and  recent  graves, 
there  being  seven  examples  of  the  former  and  five  of  the  latter.  One  lot  of 
dentaHa  found  in  a  cremation  circle  was  charred.  None  of  the  dentalia 
found  in  the  rock-slide  graves  were  incised  while  in  one  of  the  graves  in  a 
dome  of  volcanic  ash  incised  dentalia  were  found  together  with  the  sculp- 
tured human  form  in  antler  shown  in  Fig.  121  on  which  are  represented 
what  appear  to  be  dentalium  shells  forming  parts  of  ear  or  hair  pendants. 
Incised  dentalia  were  also  found  in  two  of  the  five  cremation  circles  contain- 
ing dentalium  shells.  Some  of  the  incised  designs  on  dentalium  shells  are 
shown  in  Figs.  117  and  118.  An  idea  of  how  the  dentalium  shells  may  have 
been  used  as  ornaments  on  arm  bands  and  headdresses  may  be  had  by 
reference  to  Fig.  121  and  p.  101.  Somewhat  similarly  incised  dentalium 
shells  were  found  at  the  large  burial  place  at  Kamloops  in  the  southern 
interior  of  British  Columbia  to  the  north, ^  and  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to 
the  east  bits  of  engraved  dentalium  shells  are  found  in  the  graves  of  children." 
Strings  of  them  were  hung  from  the  ears  or  fastened  to  the  braids  of  hair 
and  dentalia  were  attached  to  the  dresses  of  the  women.^  Among  antiqui- 
ties they  are  found  as  far  east  as  central  Wyoming.  There  are  some  den- 
talium shells  decorated  with  windings  along  lines  somewhat  similar  in  the 
collections  from  the  Hupa  of  California.  Dentalium  shells  used  as  nose 
ornaments,  ear  pendants  or  parts  of  ornaments  and  as  beads  were  also 
found  in  the  Thom]:)Son  region.^  A  few  were  fomid  on  the  coast  in  the 
Fraser  Delta,^  but  while  they  are  to  be  seen  in  collections  from  living 
Indians  and  recent  graves  they  were  not  found  among  antitjuities  else- 
where on  the  coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Washington.*^  It  seems 
noteworthy  that  while  the  shells  are  ])lentiful  on  the  coast  where  they 
are  used  by  the  modern  people  they  could  only  have  been  obtained  in  the 
Thompson  River  region  and  the  Yakima  Valley  by  barter.  In  the 
north,  they  were  imported  until  recently  through  the  Chilcotin  country 
from  the  region  north  of  Vancouver  Island.^  In  the  Yakima  Valley,  how- 
ever, they  were  j)robably  brought  in  by  a  more  southern  route  and  from 
places  further  south  on  the  coast.  INIy  impression  is  that  the  Fraser  Valle}' 
was  not  used  as  a  route  for  the  importation. 


1  Smith,  (c),  Fig.  379. 

2  Spiiiden,  p.  181,  Plate  ix,  Fig.  15. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  220. 

■»  Smith,  (c),  pp.  425  and  427,  (d),  pp.  134  and  153. 

6  Smith,  (a),  p.  180. 

G  Smith,  (b),  pp.  319  and  387. 

7  Smith,  (f),  p.  408. 


92 


AntJiropological  Payers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 


Pendants.  Somewhat  circular  objects  which  might  possibly  be  consid- 
ered as  beads  are  shown  in  Figs.  77  to  80  and  are  considered  as  })endants 
perforated  near  the  centre.     The  first  is  a  slightly  assymetrical  disk,  made  of 

slate,  which  was  found  in  grave  No.  1  in  a  roc-k- 
slide  of  the  Yakima  Ridge.  It  is  j^erforated  at 
the  centre  Avith  a  large  hole  and  at  each  end  with 
a  small  liolc.  These  perforations  taper  from  each 
end  and  were  apparently  drilknl.  On  each  side 
there  are  four  conoid  pits  about  t'(|ui-distant  from 
each  other  and  the  end  holes  arranged  to  form 
an  oval  about  parallel  with  the  edge  of  the  object. 
On  the  reverse,  there  are  only  two  of  these  pits, 
one  on  each  side.     The  disk  is  3  mm.  thick. 

Fig.  78  illustrates  a  thin  square  of  copper  with 
rounded  corners,  a  thong  of  skin  and  a  copper 
bead,  found  in  grave  Xo.  34  (5)  of  an  infant  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth 
of  Cherry  Creek  below  Ellensburg.  The  hole  in  the  centre  of  this  httle 
pendant  has  been  punched.  The  presence  of  glass  beads  and  iron  in  the 
same  grave  suggests  that  possibly  this  copper  pendant  was  made  of  factory- 
rolled  metal. 

The  object  shown  in  Fig.  79  is  a  sort  of  button  made  of  shell  attached  to 


Fig.  77  (,20L'-8152).  Drilled 
and  Perforated  Disk  made 
of  Slate.  From  grave  No.  1 
in  a  rock-slide  of  the  Yakima 
Ridge.     Nat.  size. 


Fig.  70. 


Fig.  80. 


Fig.  78  (202-8238).  Pendant  made  of  Copper,  Thong  and  Copper  Bead.  From  grave 
No.  34  (.5)  of  an  infant  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensburg. 
Nat.  .size. 

Fig.  79.  ButtfHi  mwiW  of  Shell  witli  Attached  Bead  nia(h'  of  Metal.  From  an  Indian  at 
Ellensburg.  Nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  pliotograi)li  44.506,  6-7.  Original  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  McCandless.) 

Fig.  80  (202-8227).  Perforated  Disk  made  of  Bone.  From  grave  No.  31  (2)  of  a  child 
in  a  rock-slide  near  the  inontli   of  Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensburg.     Nat.  size. 

wlii'li  is  a  metal  head.      il  was  secured  from  an   Indian  at   l^'llciisbiirg  and 
is  in   the  (ollcction   of   Mr.    M(( 'andlcss.'     The  edge  of  the  shell   disk   is 


1  Museum  negative  no.  44.506,  6-7. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  93 

rounded.  There  are  two  perforations  through  the  disk,  one  a  short  distance 
from  the  centre.  The  other  is  in  the  centre,  into  which  the  metal  bead  is 
welded.  The  hole  in  the  bead  is  parallel  to  the  surface  of  the  shell  disk  but 
does  not  go  through  the  bead. 

Fig.  80  illustrates  a  disk  of  bone  about  1  mm.  thick  found  in  grave  No. 
31  (2)  of  a  child  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek  below 
Ellensburg.  The  edge  is  rounded,  the  perforation  has  straight  sides  and  is 
slightly  worn  at  the  ends.  This,  together  with  certain  faint  parallel  grooves 
running  diagonally  across  the  grain  of  the  bone  suggests  that  the  object  may 
be  a  portion  of  a  factory-made  button. 

Pendants  perforated  at  the  end  or  edge  are  shown  in  Figs.  81  to  94, 
arranged  according  to  material,  as  stone,  copper,  brass,  iron  and  shell. 
Fig.  81a  illustrates  a  pendant  made  of  slate  which  was  found  v.  ith  five  others 
in  a  grave  on  McNeals  Island  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yakima  River  by  ]Mr. 


Fig.  81.  Pendants  made  of  Slate.  From  McNeals  Island  near  the  mouth  of  Yakima 
River.  -J  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  photograph  44503,  6-4.  Original  catalogue  No.  45  n 
the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck). 

Janeck.  It  is  52  mm.  long,  3  mm.  thick  by  24  mm.  wide.  The  upper  end 
is  narrower  than  the  lower  and  perforated  closer  to  the  end  of  the  object 
than  to  the  side  edges.  The  perforation  tapers  from  each  side  and  shows 
striations  caused  by  drilling.  The  lower  end  of  the  pendant  is  somewhat 
thicker  than  the  ujjper  end.'  The  pendant  shown  next  in  the  figure  bears 
the  same  catalogue  number  in  Mr.  Janeck's  collection  and  was  one  of  the 
same  lot  of  six  specimens.  It  is  70  mm.  long  by  19  mm.  wide  and  3  mm. 
thick,  is  made  of  slate  and  similar  to  the  other  five  specimens  except  that  it 
bears  six  notches  spaced  about  equi-distant  from  each  other  on  one  edge,  and 
that  the  perforation  is  irregular,  apparently  having  been  broken  through 
rather  than  drilled.  The  edges  of  this  pendant  are  rather  flat  and  the  lower 
end  is  bevelled  off  somewhat  from  each  side  like  a  celt.  This  pendant  may 
have  been  made  to  represent  the  tooth  of  an  animal." 

1  It  is  No.  45  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck  and  Museum  negative  no.  44503,  6-4. 

2  Museum  negative  no.  44503,  6-4. 


94  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xatund  History.    [\'ol.  VL 

A  pendant  made  of  steatite  and  bearing  an  incised  design  in  which  part 
of  the  Hnes  and  holes  are  colored  with  red  paint  (mercury)  is  shown  in  Fig. 
119.  This  was  found  on  the  manubrium  of  an  adult  skeleton  supposed  to 
be  that  of  a  man,  in  a  grave  covered  with  rocks  on  a  low  ridge  about  two  and 
a  half  miles  south  of  Fort  Simcoe.  The  object  is  not  necessarily  recent 
because  the  coloring  matter  being  mineral  may  have  lasted  a  long  time.  In 
outline,  it  is  of  the  form  of  a  tall  truncated  pyramid.  It  is  only  about  6  mm. 
thick  and  its  edges  are  rounded  or  somewhat  sharp.  Across  the  base  of 
the  side  shown  in  Fig.  119a  extends  a  ridge  which  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  specimen  is  raised  for  only  a  short  distance  on  the  left.  The  Agency 
physician  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  grave  was  very  old  and  that  steatite  does 
not  occur  near  by  but  that  the  material  must  have  been  brought  from  Puget 
Sound.  As  the  character  of  the  art  more  closely  resembles  that  of  the 
Thompson  River  region  where  steatite  is  frerpiently  found,  at  least  in  the 
form  of  artifacts,  it  would  seem  that  the  material  more  likely  came  from  there, 
if  indeed  it  was  not  from  a  nearer  source,  perhaps  in  this  very  valley.  The 
specimen  is  in  the  collection  of  Mrs.  Lynch. 

Fig.  82  illustrates  a  long  pendant  made  of  copper  found  about  one  foot 
deep  among  the  rocks  over  grave  34  (5)  of  an  infant  in  a  rock-slide  near  the 
mouth  of  Cherry  Creek  below  EUensburg.  The  perforation  at  the  top  is 
]>unched,  which  together  with  the  fact  that  glass  beads  and  a  piece  of  iron 
Avere  also  found  in  this  grave,  suggests  that  the  copper  is  factory-rolled. 
The  edges  are  rounded  and  thinned,  possibly  by  disintegration,  to  almost 
a  cutting  edge.  The  thong  by  which  it  was  suspended  is  of  skin  and  attached 
by  being  passed  through  the  perforation  and  looped  through  a  slit  in  the  tip 
of  the  thong.  Two  somewhat  similar  pendants,  (202-8235a,  b)  made  of 
copper,  were  found  near  the  legs  in  this  same  grave.  The  first  is  narrow 
at  the  top  which  is  slightly  concave  in  outline,  and  the  perforation  is  punched. 
The  sides  are  nearly  straight.  The  lower  end  is  about  three  times  as  wide 
as  the  top  and  is  deeply  concave  in  the  middle  and  convex  in  outline  from 
this  concavity  to  the  side  edges.  In  each  of  the  concavities  is  a  notch. 
These  suggest  that  they  are  worn  out  perforations  from  which  other  pendants 
may  have  been  suspended.  The  second  pendant  is  of  almost  the  same  size 
and  shape  as  that  shown  in  P^ig.  S2.  It  has  a  somewhat  Hutcd  lower  end  but 
this  characteristic  may  be  partly  the  result  of  worn  and  decomposed  perfora- 
tions or  merely  of  decomposition.  The  jx'rforalion  at  \\\v  toj)  was  ])unched 
and  still  retains  a  fragment  of  a  leather  thong.  A  small  triangular  ])endant 
only  18  mm.  in  length,  made  of  copper,  (202-82r)l)  was  found  inside  the 
skull  of  a  child  in  grave  Xo.  37  (8)  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  inouth  of  Cherry 
Creek.  It  is  perforated  near  the  most  acute  angle  and  also  through  the  base. 
The  perforations  seem  to  have  been  punched  and  the  corners  have  been 


1910.J 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


95 


rounded,  possibly  by  decomposition.  Fig.  83  shows  a  thin  disk-shaped 
pendant  made  of  copper  from  the  same  grave  as  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  82. 
The  perforation  near  the  upper  edge  is  also  punched.  A  fragment  of  copper 
(202-8185)  was  found  in  the  northwestern  part  of  cremation  circle  No.  17 
(12)  on  the  terrace  northwest  of  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River.  This  may 
be  a  fragment  of  a  copper  ornament.  It,  and  the  specimen  found  in  circle 
No.  15  constitute  the  only  finds  of  copper  which  were  made  in  cremation 
circles.     In  its  decomposed  state  it  does  not  look  like  factory-rolled  copper 


Fig.  82. 


Fig.  83. 


Fig.  84. 


Fig.  82  (202-8246).  Pendant  made  of  Copper.  From  about  one  foot  deep  among  the 
rocks  over  grave  No.  34  (5)  of  an  infant  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below 
Ellensburg.     ^  nat.  size. 

Fig.  83  (202-8239).  Pendant  made  of  Copper.  From  grave  No.  34  (5)  of  an  infant  in  a 
rock-slide  near  the  moutli  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensburg.     Nat.  size. 

Fig.  84  (202-8245).  Pendant  made  of  Brass  and  Bead  made  of  Copper.  From  about  one 
foot  deep  among  the  rocks  over  grave  No.  34  (5)  of  an  infant  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of 
Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensburg.     J  nat.  size. 

and  may  be  native.  The  other  fragment  (202-8181)  found  in  cremation 
circle  No.  15  (10)  at  the  same  place  may  be  factory-rolled  copper.  In  the 
Nez  Perce  area  to  the  east,  small  pieces  of  copper  were  attached  to  the 
dresses  of  women. ^ 

The  pendant  shown  in  Fig.  84,  also  found  near  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  82 
was  made  of  brass.  There  are  two  })erforations  near  the  upper  edge  the 
larger  one  of  which  is  not  circular  and  a  perforation  tapering  more  from  tltc 


1  Spinden,  p.  220. 


96 


Anthropological  Papers  Atyierican  Museum  of  Noturol  History.    [Vol.  VI, 


concave  side  than  from  the  other  as  well  as  a  notch  at  the  lower  edge.  The 
peculiarities  of  these  perforations  suggest  that  they  were  gouged  out.  The 
object  is  slightly  concavo-convex.  A  skin  thong  is  attached  to  the  larger 
perforation  at  the  ui)per  edge  by  looping  as  in  the  case  of  the  pendant  shown 
in  Fig.  82.     On  this  is  strung  a  cylindrical  copper  bead. 

Fig.  85  illustrates  a  pendant  made  of  iron  found  in  grave  No.  35  (6)  of 
a  youth  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensburg. 
The  next  figure  represents  one  of  thirteen  cone-shaped  bangles  or  pendants 
also  made  of  iron,  found  in  the  same  grave.  These  were  made  by  bending 
a  thin  sheet  of  the  metal  into  the  conical  form. 

The  remaining  pendants  are  all  made  of  shell.  The  one  shown  in  Fig. 
87  is  a  natural  olivella  shell  with  the  top  of  the  cone  missing  and  found  in 
grave  No.  39  (1)  of  a  child  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids. 


Fig.  85 


Fig.  86. 


Fig.  87. 


Fig.  88. 


Fig.  85  (202-8249a).  Pendant  made  of  Iron.  From  grave  No.  35  (6)  of  a  youth  in  a 
rock-slide  near  tlie  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensliurg.     ^  nat.  size. 

Fig.  86  (202-8248a).  Pendant  made  of  Iron.  From  grave  No.  35  (6)  of  a  youth  in  a 
rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensburg.     -J  nat.  size. 

Fig.  87  (202-8393).  Pendant  or  Bead  made  of  an  Olivella  Shell.  From  grave  No.  39  (1) 
of  a  child  in  a  rock-.slide  near  the  head  of  Prie.st  Rapids.     Nat.  size. 

Fig.  88  (202-8388).  Pendant  made  of  {Pcdunculus)  Shell.  From  grave  of  a  child  in  a 
rock-slide  west  of  Columbia  River,  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.     Nat.  size. 

A  shell  somewhat  similar  to  this  nuide  into  a  bead  was  found  in  the  Nez 
Perce  region.'  The  ])cndant  shown  in  Fig.  88  was  found  in  the  grave  of  a 
child  in  a  rock-slide  west  of  the  Columbia  Iliver  near  the  head  of  Priest 
Jlapids.  It  is  made  of  a  small  marine  clam  shell  (Prcfinirulii.<{),  ]irobably  a 
voung  Pcctunculus  gigautea.  Thv  perforation  ])asses  through  the  ajx^x  and 
has  apparently  been  gouged  from  the  outside.  The  ribs  on  the  convex 
surface  of  the  shell  have  been  nearly  effaced  by  grinding  or  polishing  and 
the  hinge  also  sc'ius  to  have  beeu  smoothed  so  that  only  slight  scars  mark 
the  depths  of  the  teeth.  This  shell  cei-laiiily  caine  from  llie  Pacific  Coast 
either  in  its  natural  conditiou  or  al'ler  ha\  iii'C  beeu  made  into  this  form.      It 


1  Spinden,  Plate  ix,  Fig.  14. 


1910.]  Smith,   The  Yakima  Valley.  97 

is  the  only  object  made  of  this  kind  of  shell  which  I  have  seen  in  the  whole 
no^th^^est.  The  pendant  shown  in  Fig.  89  is  made  of  iridescent  shell 
possibly  unio  but  probably  haliotis.  If  the  latter,  it  must  have  come  from 
the  Pacific  Coast.  It  was  found  in  the  same  grave.  This  grave  contained 
no  objects  of  white  man's  manufacture  or  anything  suggesting  that  it  was 
modern.  A  list  of  its  contents  will  he  found  on  p.  109.  This  pendant  is  of 
the  form  of  an  isosceles  triangle.  It  is  perforated  through  the  more  acute 
angle  by  a  small  hole  Avhich  tapers  as  if  drilled  from  each  side  of  the  object. 
The  edges  of  the  pendant  are  rather  sharp  in  places  and  the  lower  one  is 
concave  in  outline.  This  object  may  be  compared  with  the  pendant  made 
of  bone,  found  at  Lytton,"^  which  was  considered  to  be  a  sap  scraper.' 

The  pendant  shown  in  Fig.  90,  from  grave  No.  37  (8)  of  a  child  in  a 
rock-slide  near  the  mouth  af  Cherry  Creek  below  EUensburg,  is  made  of 
haliotis  shell  which  must  have  come  from  the  coast  and  is  rectangular  in 
outline  with  slightly  worn  or  rounded  corners.  The  perforation  at  the  top 
is  larger  at  each  end,  Avhile  the  one  in  the  side  is  much  larger  on  the  convex 
side  and  only  slightly  larger  on  the  concave  side  than  in  the  middle.  This 
perforation  has  been  broken  out.  A  somewhat  similar  pendant  but  smaller 
and  with  only  an  end  perforation  (202-8256)  was  found  together  with  the 
shell  pendant  described  on  p.  98  near  the  lower  jaw  in  the  same  grave.  A 
larger  pendant  of  this  general  rectangular  form,  Avith  worn  or  rounded 
corners,  perforated  near  the  middle  of  one  end,  and  Avith  a  second  perforation 
loAver  down  (202-8254)  Avas  found  Avith  this.  One  perforation  is  larger  at 
one  side  of  the  object,  the  other  at  the  other  side.  Three  somcAvhat  similar 
pendants  or  fragments  of  such  pendants,  one  Avith  the  perforation  broken 
out,  another  AA'ith  a  single  perforation  and  still  another  Avith  a  double  per- 
foration like  the  one  just  described  (202-8183)  except  tA\'o  dentalium  shells 
Averc  the  only  shell  ornaments  found  in  cremation  circle  No.  17  (12)  on  the 
flat  northwest  of  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River.  These  Avere  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  circle.  In  the  northern  and  north Avestern  parts  of  cre- 
mation circle  No.  15  (10)  on  this  same  Hat  AA'ere  found  a  number  of  such 
pendants  and  fragments  of  pendants  Avhich  liaA'e  only  one  perforation  so  far 
as  can  be  identified. 

A  much  decom])Oscd  and  fragmentary  piece  of  shell,  apparently  of  claAV 
shape  Avith  a  perforation  at  the  base,  several  other  pieces  of  similar  shape 
and  tAvo  triangular  pieces  of  shell  (202-8180-82)  all  of  Avliicli  Avere  appar- 
ently burned,  Avere  found  in  cremation  circle  No.  14  (9)  at  the  same  place. 
A  fragment  of  a  shell  ornament  (202-8189)  Avas  also  found  in  cremation 
circle  No.  21  (16)  at  this  place. 

1  Smith,  (d),  Fig.  95. 

2  Smith,  (c),  p.  441;   (b),  Fig.  109. 


98 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 


The  pendant  shown  in  Fio;.  91  is  nearly  of  disk  form  and  made  of 
hahotis  shell.  It  is  perforated  at  the  more  convex  edge  and  was  found 
with  one  very  much  like  it  in  grave  No.  34  (5)  of  an  infant  in  a  rock-slide 
near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek.  One  was  near  the  head  and  the  other 
near  the  pelvis.  Another  specimen  and  a  fragment  of  still  another  (202- 
82o7a,  b)  and  several  other  small  fragments  of  decomposed  shell  (202-8258) 
were  found  near  the  low^er  jaw  in  grave  No.  37  (8)  in  a  rock-slide  near 
the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek. 


Fig.  89. 


Fig.  90. 


Fig.  91. 


Fig.  92. 


Fig.  89  (202-8386).  Pendant  made  of  Iridescent  Shell.  From  the  grave  of  a  child  in  ii 
rock-slide  west  of  Columbia  River  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.     Nat.  size. 

Fig.  90  (202-8255).  Pendant  made  of  {Huliotis)  Shell.  From  grave  No.  37  (8)  of  a 
child  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensburg.      Nat.  size. 

Fig.  91  (202-8234b).  Pendant  made  of  (^Haliotis)  Shell.  From  grave  No.  34  (5)  of  an 
infant  in  a  rock-sUde  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensburg.     Nat.  size. 

Fig.  92  (202-8252).  Pendant  or  Nose  Ornament,  made  of  (Haliotis)  Shell.  From  grave 
No.  37  (8)  of  a  child  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  Ellensburg.  i  nat. 
size. 


The  pendant  or  nose  ornamcMit  shown  in  Fig.  92  is  made  of  shell  which  in 
its  much  decomj^oscd  condition  appears  to  be  haliotis.  This  oljjcct  was 
found  on  the  lower  jaw  of  a  very  much  decomjiosed  skeleton  of  a  child  in  the 
same  grave.  The  fact  that  a  piece  of  c()])])cr,  a})parently  factory-rolled, 
(202-8251)  was  found  inside  the  lir(»ken  skull  suggests  that  this  grave  was 
modern.  The  object  is  nearly  cii-eiil;ii'  in  outline,  although  slightly  wider 
than  high.  The  sides  have  disintegrated  or  were  rounded  off,  to  a  rather 
sharp  edge.  There  were  a])parently  three  peri'orations  near  the  U])per 
edge  of  the  object,  and  it  is  broken  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  see  whether 
thev  were  ])erforations  for  sus])ension  or  were  made  merely  as  a  Jiieans  of 


1910.] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


99 


cutting  out  a  portion  of  the  shell  in  such  a  way  that  it  could  be  clasped  on 
to  the  septum  of  the  nose.  Portions  of  this  specimen  and  several  other 
shell  objects,  found  in  the  same  grave  were  of  a  peculiar  pink  color. 

The  shell  shown  in  Fig.  93  was  found  near  the  neck  at  the  south  side  of 
an  adult  skeleton  in  grave  No.  12  (7)  covered  with  pebbles  in  the  bluff  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Naches  River  about  12  miles  above  its  mouth.  It  has 
two  perforations  and  what  appears  to  have  been  a  third  perforation  now 
broken  out.  A  somewhat  similar  circular  shell  pendant  which  appears  to 
have  been  made  from  the  shell  of  the  oyster  was  found  with  this  and  is 
shown  in  Fig.  94.  One  of  these  pendants  was  at  the  south  shoulder,  the 
other  at  the  south  side  of  the  skull.     A  piece  of  wood  in  this  grave  suggests 


Fig.  93. 


Fig.  94. 


Fig.  93  (202-8171).  Pendant  made  of  Shell.  From  near  neck  at  soutli  side  of  adult 
skeleton  in  grave  No.  12  (7)  covered  with  pebbles  in  bluff  on  north  side  of  Naches  River  about 
twelve  miles  above  its  moutli.     Nat.  size. 

Fig.  94  (202-8170).  Pendant  made  of  Oyster  Shell.  From  near  neck  at  south  side  of 
adult  skeleton  in  grave  No.  12  (7)  covered  with  pebbles  in  bluff  on  north  side  of  Naches  River 
about  twelve  miles  above  its  mouth.     Nat.  size. 

that  it  may  not  be  an  old  one  and  that  these  disks  may  have  been  obtained 
from  traders.  The  grave  was  apparently  unique.  The  lower  part  of  the 
inner  decoration  on  each  side  of  the  face  shown  in  Fig.  121  probably  repre- 
sents a  shell  pendant  for  the  ear  or  hair.  Disks  of  haliotis  shells  were  used 
as  ear  pendants  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east.^ 

Bracelets.  Bracelets  are  shown  in  Figs.  95  and  96.  The  one  shown  in 
Fig.  95  represents  four  of  about  the  same  size,  all  made  of  copper  and  from 
the  arm  of  the  skeleton  found  in  grave  No.  34  (5)  of  an  infant  in  a  rock-slide 
near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek.  The  presence  of  glass  beads  in  this  grave 
suggests  that  tlic  bracelets  may  be  of  drawn  copper.  They  are  not  made  of 
wire  l)ut  seem  to  hv  r()ll<"(l  ont  of  rnllicr  tliick  slicct  (•()])p('r.     Tlic  edges  of 


Spinden,  p.  220. 


100 


Anlhropological  F^apers  American  Museum  of  Xulural  History.    [\'ol.  \l, 


the  fold  are  someAvhat  irregular  Init  I  do  not  (  onsidcr  that  this  proves  the 
material  to  be  native  co})per.  The  bracelet  shown  in  Fig.  9G  is  one  of  three 
made  of  iron  found  in  grave  No.  31  (2)  of  a  child  in  a  rock-slide  near  the 
mouth  of  Cherry  Creek.  The  use  of  armlets  of  skin  decorated  with  sIk^IIs 
or  quills  is  suggested  by  the  incisions  on  the  arms  of  the  costumed  human 
figure  made  of  antler  shown  in  Fig.  121.  In  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the 
east  arm  and  leg  bands  were  worn  ^  wliile  in  the  Thompson  area  dentalium 
shells  were  sometimes  fastened  parallel  to  each  other  on  arm  bands. 

A  Costumed  Human  Figure.  A  costumed  human  figure  made  of 
antler-  is  shown  in  Fig.  121.  It  was  found  in  grave  Xo.  25'^  in  a  dome  of 
volcanic  ash  near  Tampico.     There  was  nothing  to  indicate  that  tlu  grave 


Fig.  95. 


Fig.  96. 


Fig.  95  (202-8236b).  Bracelet  made  of  Copper.  From  arm  of  skeleton  No.  34  (5)  of  an 
infant  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  EUensburg.     i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  96  (202-8226).  Bracelet  made  of  Iron.  From  grave  No.  31  (2)  of  a  child  in  a  rock- 
slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek,  below  EUensburg.     ^  nat.  size. 

was  recent  and  so  this  gives  an  idea  of  the  ( ostume,  but  })Ossil)l_v  merely  of 
ceremonial  costume  as  formerly  worn  in  this  region.  It  ai)i)arently  shows  a 
feather  headdress  like  that  of  the  ])resent  Indians  of  the  region  and  as  far 
east  as  the  Dakotas;  the  hair  dressed  and  ornamented  with  dentalium  shells, 
the  arms,  body,  legs  and  feet  a])parently  bare  and  ornamented  with  cere- 
monial [)aintings  and  about  the  waist  a  fringed  ai)ron.  The  general  style 
of  the  costume  indicated  is  unlike  that  of  the  northwest  coast  but  resembles 
that  of  the  i)lateaus  to  the  south  and  the  Plains  to  the  east.  Above  the  face 
is  a  zigzag  line  which  may  represent  tattooing,  ])ainting  or  a  head-ring. 
Spinden  says  that  tattooing  was  not  ])ractised  in  the  Xez  Perce  region  to  the 
east  *  but  Teit  reports  it  as  ])ractised  in  the  Thompson  River  region  ^  \\  here 


1  Spinden,  p.  219. 

2  Cf.  p.  127. 

3  See  Plate  x. 

*  Spinden,  p.  222. 

6  Teit    (a),  pp.  228  and  321. 


1910.]  Smith,  The   Yakima  Valley.  101 

he  supposed  that  when  applied  to  the  wrists  the  custom  was  derived  from  the 
coast  tribes/  Head-rings  among  the  Thompson  River  Indians  were  deco- 
rated with  dentalium  shells.-  In  the  Nez  Perce  region  ^  the  face  and  body 
were  painted,  red  and  yellow  being  much  used  for  this  purpose.  In  the 
Thompson  River  area  ■*  the  face  and  body  were  painted  with  several  shades 
of  red,  head-bands  being  painted  across  the  brows. 

The  zigzag  is  a  common  form  of  decoration  of  the  head-bands  among 
the  Sioux.  Above  the  zigzag  arranged  in  a  semi-circular  row,  are  certain 
oblong  forms  which  indicate  feathers.  The  middle  form,  however,  is  marked 
with  a  circle.  Both  above  and  below  this  row  are  three  incised  lines  forming 
an  ark.  Based  on  the  outer  one  of  these  incisions  are  isosceles  triangles 
slightly  in  relief.  If  these  triangles  represent  the  feathers  of  the  headdress, 
they  are  certainly  in  the  correct  position.  Between  them  are  incised  arks 
forming  hachure  parallel  to  the  arks  previously  mentioned.  Two  of  these 
extend  above  the  tips  of  the  triangles.  Beyond  this,  much  of  the  object  is 
missing,  but  to  the  right  may  be  seen  a  surface  similar  to  the  areas  inter- 
preted later  on  as  hair  ornaments.  Further  evidence  of  the  use  of  such  a 
headdress  is  offered  by  the  red  and  white  pictographs  and  by  the  petroglyphs 
of  this  region,  samples  of  which  are  shown  in  Plates  xi,  xiv-xvi. 

On  each  side  of  the  face  is  what  is  apparently  a  hair  ornament,  perhaps 
made  of  buckskin,  which  Avas  attached  to  the  rolled  up  braids  or  curls  of 
the  front  hair  on  each  side  of  the  head  and  hung  down  as  in  this  representa- 
tion. The  three  horizontal  bands  of  vertical  lines  apparently  represent 
dentalium  shells  ahhough  they  may  be  intended  for  tubular  copper  or  bone 
beads,  while  the  oval  figure  at  the  bottom  of  each  of  these  flaps  probably 
represents  a  pendant  of  haliotis  shell.  Shell  ornaments  in  the  Thompson 
River  region  were  sometimes  of  similar  proportions  and  shape.  Such  hair 
ornaments  were  used  until  recently  in  the  Thompson  River  region  to  the 
north  where  they  were  of  different  types  and  differed  in  the  richness  and 
style  of  their  ornamentation.  One  of  the  common  styles  was  to  cover  the 
flap  of  buckskin  thi'kly  with  rows  of  the  largest  dentalia  placed  vertically 
side  by  side.  Mr.  James  Teit  informs  me  that  the  outer  portion  of  the  figure, 
bearing  five  bands  of  vertical  lines,  evidently  represents  part  of  the  head- 
dress and  the  buckskin  fla]>s  such  as  were  worn  in  the  Thompson  River 
re";ion  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  head-bands.  These  were  ornamented 
generally  with  dentalia  among  the  women  and  more  conniionly  with  designs 
embroidered  with  (juills  or  made  with  ])aint  among  the  men.     In  tlie  Xcz 


1  See  Report  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  1890  p.  590. 

2  Teit,  (a),  351. 

i  Spinden,  p.  222. 

■>  Ihid.,  pp.  228  and  268. 


102  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  IIit<tonj.     [\'ol.  VI, 

Perce  region  ^  ear  pendants  in  the  form  of  disks  were  made  from  haliotis 
shells  and  strings  of  dentalia  were  hung  from  the  ears  or  fastened  to  the 
braids  of  hair  and  dentalia  and  small  pieces  of  copper  were  attached  to  the 
dresses  of  women.  These  vertical  bands,  however,  may  represent  the  lines 
of  attachment  of  additional  hair  by  means  of  glue  covered  with  lime  in  which 
manner  the  hair  is  dressed  by  some  Plains  tribes.  Below  the  nose  are  faint 
suggestions  of  an  ornament  possibly  similar  to  the  shell  pendant  shown  in 
Fig.  92. 

The  two  ridges,  extending  from  near  the  chin  to  the  shoulders,  seem  to 
indicate  collar  bones.  The  body  is  thin  and  narrows  downward.  Paint 
or  tattooing,  representing  the  ribs,  or  the  ribs  themselves,  are  indicated 
by  ridges.  There  are  horizontal  hachure  on  the  body  above  the  waist. 
The  arms  are  separated  from  the  body  by  incisions  made  from  both  the 
front  and  the  back,  and  the  outer  edges  of  the  object,  being  rounded  off, 
are  like  portions  of  a  carving.  A  bracelet,  band,  or  figure  painted  or  tat- 
tooed, on  the  apparently  bare  arm  is  indicated  in  the  middle  of  each  by 
vertical  hachure  connecting  jjairs  of  parallel  lines.  The  vertical  arrange- 
ment of  lines  of  the  horizontal  band  suggests  that  these  were  arm  bands, 
bearing  vertically  arranged  copper  or  shell  beads,  if  not  dentalium  shells 
similar  to  those  which  are  supposed  to  he  represented  by  the  bands  of 
vertical  lines  on  the  headdress  on  each  side. of  the  face.  Mr.  Teit  con- 
siders the  bands  around  the  elbows  as  representing  armlets  of  skin  em- 
broidered with  dentalia  or  cpiills  like  those  formerly  used  in  the  Thompson 
River  region,  although  the  Indians  there  were  in  the  habit  of  painting  their 
bodies  in  imitation  of  clothing.  Head-bands  were  painted  across  the  brows, 
fringed  kilts  or  aprons  around  the  middle  and  upper  part  of  the  legs  and 
fringed  short  leggings  along  the  lower  ])art  of  the  legs.  The  fringes  were 
represented  as  long.  Imitations  of  wristlets,  armlets  and  anklets  were  also 
painted  on  the  body.  As  before  mentioned,  arm  and  leg  bands  were  worn 
by  the  Nez  Perce  Indians'-  and  as  indicated  by  the  previously  described 
specimens,  bracelets  were  worn  in  the  Yakima  area.  At  the  wrist  is  a  slight 
horizontal  incision,  where  the  hand  expands  somewhat  sidewise.  The 
fingers  and  thumb  are  separated  by  four  vertic-al  incisions.  Below  these 
and  extending  across  the  body  are  four  horizontal  lines,  the  space  between 
the  two  in  the  middle  being  slightly  wider  than  the  other  two  spaces.  These 
lines  seem  to  indicate  the  upper  edge  of  an  apron  which  is  covered  by  vertical 
hachure. 

The  legs  begin  at  the  bottom  of  the  apron  from  which  llioy  are  set  off  by 


1  Spiiidf)],  I).  220. 

2  Spinilcii,  p.  219. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  103 

two  horizontal  incisions.  The  apron  at  the  outUne  of  the  object  projects 
slightly  beyond  them.  On  each  leg  are  five  incised  isosceles  triangles, — 
three  at  the  top  and  two  at  the  bottom,  with  their  long  points  extending 
towards  the  knees.  At  each  side  of  the  lower  triangles  is  one  line  which 
seems  to  represent  a  continuation  of  the  designs  around  the  legs.  On  each 
triangle  are  horizontal  hachure.  On  both  knees  are  faint  traces  of  two 
concentric  incisions,  forming  figures  with  rounded  corners  and  bulging  sides. 
Between  these  are  radiating  hachure.  Close  inside  is  a  concentric  incised 
line  and  there  may  be  seen  two  parallel  lines,  nearly  horizontal,  above  the 
right  knee  and  one  below  it,  and  one  above  the  left  knee.  The  triangles 
may  be  considered  as  pointing  from  these  concentric  designs  rather  than 
towards  them,  and  in  that  case  the  lines,  suggesting  the  continuation  of  the 
design  around  the  leg,  appear  at  the  top  instead  of  the  bottom.  It  does  not 
seem  probable  that  these  triangles  represent  part  of  a  circular  design  radiat- 
ing from  the  knees,  the  sides  of  which  are  folded  around  the  legs,  but  rather 
that  the  two  series  of  triangles  extend  horizontally.  The  incisions  on  the 
legs  probably  represent  painting  or  tattooing,  since  the  designs  seem  to  be 
horizontal  and  to  extend  all  around  the  legs,  while  on  leggings  the  patterns 
are  usually  vertical  and  on  a  flap  at  the  outer  side  of  the  leg,  the  knee  being 
disregarded.  Catlin  ^  figures  paintings  on  the  arms  and  legs  of  the  Mandan 
similar  to  the  patterns  on  this  carving.  The  custom  is  not  rare,  especially 
in  connection  with  elaborate  ceremonial  costumes  such  as  are  no  doubt 
represented  by  this  figure.  The  vertical  incisions  on  the  feet  probably 
represent  the  toes,  or  designs  painted  or  tattooed  on  the  feet.  These  lines 
argue  against  any  idea  that  the  feet  are  encased  in  moccasins,  unless  bead  or 
quill  work  on,  or  im])robable  wrinkles  in,  the  moccasins  are  indicated  by 
them.  Porcupine  quills,  embroidery,  beadwork  and  painting  on  moccasins 
were  used  in  the  general  plateau  region  of  which  this  is  a  part.- 

Lewis  suggests  ^  that  the  tribes  depending  largely  on  the  hunt,  would  be 
better  supplied  with  skins  for  clothing  than  those  subsisting  generally  on 
fish,  and  that  in  most  of  the  plateau  region,  the  scanty  vegetation  makes 
clothing  from  plant  materials  difficult,  if  not  practically  out  of  the  question. 
In  this  connection,  it  will  be  remembered  that  this  carving  of  antler  which 
gives  us  our  general  archaeological  information  regaiding  ancient  costume, 
comes  from  the  higher  or  himting  region  of  the  valley.  It  will  also  be 
remembered  that  sage  brush  and  other  plant  materials  were  used  for  clothing 
in  the  Thom])Son  River  region  to  the  north,  where  the  vegetation  is  nearly 
as  scanty  as  in  the  Yakima  Valley. 


1  Catlin,  Plates  v  and  vi. 

2  Lewis,  p.  190. 
*  Lewis,  p.  189. 


104  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museufn  of  Xatural  Histori/.     [^'oI.  VI, 

Perhaps  some  suggestion  as  to  the  sex  of  the  individual  whieh  this  figure 
was  intended  to  represent  may  be  gleaned  from  the  fact  that  in  the  Nez 
Perce  region  the  costume  of  the  men  differed  greatly  from  that  of  the  women. 
The  former  wore  moccasins,  leggings,  breech  clout,  shirt,  blanket,  and  also 
the  war-bonnet,  while  the  latter  wore  moocasins,  a  long  loose  gown  and  a 
fez-shaped  cap  made  of  basketry,  also  occasionally  leggings  and  less  decora- 
tion on  their  costume  than  on  that  of  the  men.  The  ornamentation  con- 
sisted of  fringes,  bead  and  cpiill  work,  shells,  elk  teeth,  beads,  and  copper.^ 
The  men's  clothing  was  decorated  with  fringes,  and  some  with  beads, 
porcupine  quills  and  paint.  Considering  this  figure  from  these  facts  it 
M  ould  seem  that  it  was  clearly  intended  to  represent  a  man. 

Some  feathers  of  the  flicker  (202-8243)  were  found  in  grave  No.  34  (3) 
in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Cherry  Creek.  One  of  them  had  bound 
to  its  tip  a  little  piece  of  fabric,  another  a  bit  of  fur.  These  may  have  been 
part  of  a  costume  or  ceremonial  ]>araphernalia. 

Of  the  different  articles  of  clothing  worn  by  the  Nez  Perce,  Lewis  says,- 
"These  are  formed  of  various  skins  and  arc  in  all  respects  like  those  par- 
ticularly described  of  the  Shoshones."  Along  the  Columbia,  the  similarity 
was  not  so  complete,^  but  as  far  down  as  the  Upper  Chinook  numy  articles 
described  as  similar  to  those  of  the  Shoshone  were  found. ^  All  these,  how- 
ever, they  declared  were  obtained  by  trade  from  other  tribes  and  from 
those  who  sometimes  visit  the  ^Nlissouri.^  According  to  Lewis,''  the  clothing 
and  equipment  of  the  Shoshone  living  on  Ivcmhi  and  Salmon  Kivers  in 
Idaho  were  much  the  same  as  the  Plains  type,  and  it  is  (|uite  probable 
that  they  had  formerly  lived  farther  east.  There  are  tw^o  certain  indications 
that  this  extensive  introduction  of  eastern  clothing  took  jjlace  about  the 
time  of  Lewis  and  Clark's  visit.  When  they  went  down  the  Columbia  in 
1805,  they  found  the  women  wore  quite  a  different  dress,  consisting  merely 
of  a  breech  clout  of  buckskin  with  occasionally  the  addition  of  a  small  robe 
of  skin.^  This  is  exactly  the  same  dress  as  was  worn  by  the  Chinook  women 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette.**  When  these  explorers  returned  up  the 
Columbia  the  following  year  they  foimd  the  Indians  particularly  the  women, 
much  better  dressed,  and  in  the  eastern  or  Shoshone  style.^     A  few  vears 


1  Spindpn,  p.  216. 

-   Lewis  and  Clark,  V,  p.  30. 

3  Ihid.,  Ill,  p.  125,  IV,  p.  317. 

4  Ibid.,  IV,  pp.  239,  284,  289. 

5  Ibid.,  IV,  303. 
0  Lewis,  p.  188. 

7  Lewis  and  Clark,  III,  i>i).  125-137,  and  143. 

8  Lewis,  p.  189. 

«  Lewis  and  Clark,  IV,  pp.  322  and  337. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima   Valley.  105 

later,  Cox^  mentioned  the  older  type  of  dress  as  found  only  among  a  few 
miserable  tribes  along  the  Columbia,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Yakima.' 

Deformation.  All  of  the  skulls  secured  in  this  area  by  our  party  showed 
antero-posterior  deformation,  although  not  so  extreme  as  is  found  in  the 
Lower  Columbia  region.  Accompanying  this  in  many  cases  was  a  concave 
depression  in  the  anterior  parietal  region.  The  flattening  of  the  head  was 
practised  to  a  limited  extent  by  tribes  living  along  the  Columbia  River  above 
the  Chinook,  but  limited,  according  to  Lewis,  almost  entirely  to  the  women, 
and  gradually  died  out  towards  the  east.^ 


Games,  Amusements  and  Narcotics.. 

Games.  Dice  made  of  beaver  teeth  or  woodchuck  teeth,  such  as  were 
found  in  the  Thompson  River  region,^  but  which  were  not  found  in  the 
shell  heaps  of  the  Lower  Fraser,  or  in  fact,  in  any  of  those  of  the  coast  of 
Washington  or  British  Cohmibia,  were  absent  among  our  finds  in  this  region 
although  a  beaver  tooth  was  seen  in  the  cremation  rectangle  No.  21  (16) 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River. 

A  number  of  small  tubes,  made  of  bone  which  may  have  been  used  in 
gambling,  were  found  here.  Four  of  them,  about  42  mm.  long  and  9  mm. 
in  diameter,  with  the  ends  ground  scjuarely  across,  but  with  the  edges  some- 
what rounded  possibly  by  wear,  were  found  in  the  east  northeastern  part 
of  the  bottom  of  grave  No.  10  (5)  in  a  rock-slide  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Naches  River  about  half  a  mile  above  its  mouth.  Fig.  97  shows  one  of  two 
other  bone  tubes  of  similar  size  and  shape,  the  ends  ground  somewhat  more 
perfectly  flat,  which  were  found  in  grave  No.  1,  in  the  rock-slide  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Yakima  Ridge  to  the  southeast  of  the  Yakinui  River. 
Another  bone  tube  from  this  same  grave  (Fig.  98)  is  43  mm.  long  and  12  mm. 
in  diameter,  and  the  ends  are  ground  off  flat.  This  bears  nine  about  ccpii- 
distant  incised  lines,  w^hich  run  around  it  in  such  a  way  that  the  lower  end 
of  each  line  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  bone  from  its  upper  end.  It  is 
charred.  Such  bone  tubes  were  found  at  Lytton,'^  in  ])Ouches  in  the  graves, 
in  other  parts  of  the  Thompson  River  region''  to  the  north  and  in  (he  shell 


1  Cox,  p.  229. 

2  Lewis,  pp.  188-189. 

3  Lewis,  p.  180;   Lewis  and  Clark,  III,  pp.  125  and  137;  IV,  p.  324;  Hale.  p.  213;  Whitman, 
pp.  91  and  95  (1891). 

*  Smith,  (d),  Fig.  100;    (c),  p.  428. 
«  Smitli,  (d),  p.  154. 
6  Teit,  (a),  p.  275. 


106 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  \I, 


heaps  of  the  Lower  Fraser  River  ^  to  the  west.  In  the  Nez  Perce  region  dice 
and  gaming  pieces  were  commonly  made  of  bone.^  Cylindrical  sections  of 
the  long  bone  of  the  deer  were  used  in  gambling,^  and  whistles  were  made  of 
the  long  bones  of  the  sand  hill  crane."* 

The  perforated  cylinder  shown  in  Fig.  99,  made  of  serpentine  is  44  mm. 
long  and  8  mm.  in  diameter,  rounded  at  the  edges  and  was  found  in  about 
the  centre  of  grave  No.  10  (5).  There  are  five  small  pits  about  equi-distant 
from  each  other  around  this  cylinder  near  the  top,  and  four  near  the  bottom. 
There  are  two  transverse  incised  lines  just  below  the  five  pits,  and  there  is 
an  incision  about  12  mm.  above  the  bottom  of  the  specimen,  below  which 
the  diameter  is  perhaps  half  a  mm.  greater  than  at  the  top.     Near  the  middle 


Fig.  97. 


Fig.  98. 


Fig.  99.  Fig.  100. 

From  grave  No.  1,  in  a  rock-slide  of  the  Yakima  Ridge. 

From  grave  No.  1  in  a 


Fig.  97  (202-8150).     Bone  Tube. 
J  nat.  size. 

Fig.  98  (202-8151).     Bone  Tube,  bearing  Incised  Lines,  Charred, 
rock-slide  of  the  Yakima  Ridge,     i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  99  (202-8166).     Perforated  Cylinder  made  of  Steatite.     From  near  centre  of  grave 
No.  10  (5)  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  mouth  of  Naches  River,     i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  100.     Tubular  Pipe  made  of  Steatite.      From  Yakima  Indians.     J  nat.  size.      (Drawn 
from  photograph  44506,  6-7.     Original  Catalogue  No.  215  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  McCandless.) 


of  the  object  it  is  pierced  by  a  hole  which  tapers  from  each  end.  While  this 
object  also  may  have  been  used  in  gambling,  it  seems  possible  thiit  it  may  be 
an  amulet. 

Narcotic.i.  Pipes  of  seven  distinct  types  were  found  in  this  region;  a 
tube,  a  simi)le  bowl,  a  disk  with  both  bowl  and  stem  made  in  the  periphery, 
an  elbow  form,  a  modern  inlaid  pipe  similar  to  the  typical  form  of  the  cat- 
linite  pipe  of  the  Plains,  a  tomahawk-pipe  in  stone,  and  a  i)ipc  carved  in  the 
art  of  the  North  Pacific  coast. 

A  tubular  pipe  made  of  steatite  is  shown  in  Fig.  100.  It  was  collected 
by  Mr.  Frank  N.  McCandless  from  the  Yakima  Indians.     Aii-.  AFcCandless 


»  Smith,  (a),  p.  180. 

2  Spinden,  p.  189. 

3  Spinden,  p.  254. 
*  Spinden,  p.  189. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  107 

says  the  stone  diflfers  from  that  found  at  the  head  of  Wenatchee  Lake,  which 
is  sometimes  used  for  pipes  in  this  region.  This  pipe  is  No.  215  in  his 
collection  deposited  in  the  Ferry  INIuseum  in  the  City  Hall  at  Tacoma.  It 
is  51  mm.  long  and  the  bowl  has  been  broken  off  irregularly,  about  half  of  it 
apparently  having  been  broken  aAvay.  The  bowl  flares  rather  more  abruptly 
than  is  the  case  in  the  pipes  usually  found  either  in  this  region  or  that  of  the 
Thompson  River.  In  this  respect  it  resembles  the  tubular  pipes  made  of 
steatite,  found  on  the  coast  of  British  Columbia.^  In  outline,  it  is  nearly 
straight,  while  most  pipes  of  this  type  have  bowls  convexly  curved  in  a  form 
characteristic  of  the  type  found  in  the  interior  of  British  Columbia  and  of 
Washington.  The  bowl  has  been  gouged  out.  There  is  a  ridge  or  ring 
around  the  pii)e  where  the  bowl  meets  the  stem.  Oblique  incisions  slanting 
downward  from  left  to  right,  at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  mark  this  ridge, 
making  it  suggest  a  twisted  cord.  The  end  of  the  stem  is  similarly  marked. 
These  lines  are  again  mentioned  under  art  on  p.  125.  The  stem  expands 
from  the  ridge  to  the  end.     The  outline  of  the  stem  is  rather  straight  or 


Fig.  101.     Tubular  Pipe  made  of  Green  Stone  with  Stem.     From  Lemlii  River,  Idalio, 
(Reproduced  from  p.  342,  Vol.  II,  Lewis  and  Ciarlv.      Bowl  about  2^  Indies  long.) 

slightly  concave,  while  most  jiipes  of  this  type  have  more  slender  or  nearly 
cylindrical  stems.  The  interior  of  the  stem  was  apparently  formed  by 
whittling.  The  pipe  is  stained  by  tobacco  which  suggests  that  while  it  may 
be  old,  it  has  nevertheless  been  recently  smoked."  In  the  Nez  Perce  region 
to  the  east  the  earliest  form  of  pipe,  according  to  Spinden,  was  doubtless  the 
straight  tubular  type.^  One  of  the  pipes  figured  by  him  has  a  flange  for  a 
mouthpiece  similar  to  those  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region,  and  this 
flange  is  perforated  near  one  end.  This  particular  type  of  pi])e  is  also  found 
in  Oregon.*  A  pipe  of  this  type,  but  which  much  more  nearly  resembles  the 
typical  form  of  tubular  ])ipe  of  this  region,  especially  the  shorter  s])ecimcns, 
is  re])roduced  in  Fig.  101  from  Lewis  and  Clark.''  This  si)ecimcn  which  is 
made  of  green  stone  and  has  a  stem,  M^as  seen  among  the  Shoshone  Indians 
at  the  headwaters  of  the  Lemhi  River,  Idaho,  by  Lewis,  August  thirteenth^ 

1  Smith,  (a),  Figs.  48  and  55;    (b),  Fig.  139. 

2  Museum  negative  no.  44506,  6-7. 

3  Spinden,  p.  188,  Figs.  4  and  5,  Plate  ix. 

■»  Moorehead,  Fig.  457,  p.  316,  Figs.  9,  17,  22  and  25. 
«  Lewis  and  Claris;,  II,  p.  342. 


108  Anthropological  Papers  America)!   Museum  of  Xaturol  History.    [\'ol.  VI^ 

1805.  ll  marks  tlie  eastern  limits  of  the  oceurrenee  of  this  type  of  i)ii)e,  so 
far  as  I  am  aware  at  present,  the  short  forms  ha^•ing  been  found  at  L\iH'or(l 
Harbor,  North  Saanieh,  Sidney  ^  and  Port  Hammond,-  on  the  southern 
coast  of  British  Columbia,  Damon  ''  on  the  coast  of  Washinjjton,  Lytton  ■* 
in  the  interior  of  British  Columbia,  I'matilla  ■'  and  Blalot/k  Island,®  near 
Umatilla,  both  in  the  interior  of  Washington.  In  the  Journal  for  Tuesday, 
August  13,  1805,  Lewis  refers  to  this  i)ipe,  as  follows:  —  "the  chief  then  lit 
his  pipe  at  the  fire  kindled  in  this  little  magic  circle.  .  .  .pointed  the  stem  to 
the  four  cardinal  points  of  the  heavens  first  l)eglning  at  the  East  and  ending 
with  the  North,  he  now  presented  the  pipe  to  me,  as  if  desirous  that  I 
should  smoke,  but  when  I  reached  my  hand  to  receive  it,  he  drew  it  back 
and  repeated  the  same  c[e]reniony  three  times,  after  which  he  pointed  the 
stem  first  to  the  heavens  then  to  the  center  of  the  magic  circle  smoked  him- 
self with  three  whifs  and  held  the  pipe  untill  I  took  as  many  as  I  thought 
proper;  he  then  held  it  to  each  of  the  white  persons  and  then  gave  it  to  be 
consumed  by  his  warriors,  this  pipe  was  made  of  a  dense  simitransparent 
green  stone  very  highly  polished  about  2j  inches  long  and  of  an  oval  figure, 
the  bowl  being  in  the  same  direction  with  the  stem.  A  small  piece  of  birned 
clay  is  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  bowl  to  seperate  the  tobacco  from  the  end 
of  the  stem  and  is  of  an  irregularly  rounded  figure  not  fitting  the  tube  per- 
fectly close  in  order  that  the  smoke  may  pass,  this  is  the  form  of  the  ])ipe. 
their  tobacco  is  of  the  same  kind  of  that  used  by  the  Minnetares  ]Mandans 
and  Ricares  of  the  Missouri,  the  Shoshonees  do  not  cultivate  this  plant, 
but  obtain  it  from  the  Rocky  mountain  Indians  and  some  of  the  bands  of 
their  own  nation  who  live  further  south."  ^ 

JVIr.  James  Teit  informs  me  that  a  flange  like  the  end  of  a  spool  at  the 
mouth  of  the  stem  of  a  tubular  pipe,  makes  it  of  a  ty])e  which  seems  to  him 
peculiarly  characteristic  of  the  Thompson  River  region.  In  some  cases  this 
peculiarity  is  carried  over  into  the  stems  of  pipes  of  the  modern  or  elbow 
type,  Avhich  have  wooden  stems,  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  102.  Mr.  Teit  has 
never  seen  or  heard  of  tubular  })ipes  from  the  Tliom])son  River  region  with 
holes  through  the  flanges.  It  seems  possible  that  the  hole  in  such  specimens 
as  one  from  Umatilla,  Oregon,^  may  have  been  made  for  the  ftttachment  of 
ornaments  or  symbolic  material  such  as  feathers  or  for  a  cleaner.  Ornaments 
were  sometimes  attached  to  \n\)Qs  of  the  elbow  {y]H'  in  the  Thom])son  River 


J  Smith,  (b),  Fig.  1.39. 

2  Smitli,  (a),  Fig.  48. 

3  Smith,  (b),  Fig.  139. 
1  Smith,  (h),  p.  34. 

5  Ibid.,  Fig.  7. 

B  Jbid.,  p.  36. 

7   Lewis  and  Clark    II,  p.  341. 

s  Sinilb,  111),  Fig.  7a. 


1910.] 


Smith,   The   Yakima   Valley. 


109 


region.  This  was  done  by  tying  in  a  hole  bored  through  the  hatchet-shaped 
piece  underneath  the  shank  close  to  the  elbow.  Pipes  of  the  simple  bowl 
type  often  had  an  extension  at  the  foot  of  the  bowl,  sometimes  perforated, 
to  which  ornaments  could  be  attached.  On  the  other  hand,  the  hole  may 
have  been  to  facilitate  attaching  the  pipe  to  its  wooden  stem.  The  pipes 
that  have  been  perforated  through  the  flange,^  however,  seem  to  have  too 
small  a  Ijore  for  a  Avooden  stem ;  yet,  a  pipe  of  this  type  with  a  wooden  stem 
has  been  shown  in  Fig.  101 .  One  reason  given  Mr.  Teit  by  the  Indians  for 
the  making  of  the  flange  or  other  thickening  at  the  mouth  of  the  pipe  stem 
was  to  prevent  the  string  used  in  attaching  the  pipe  to  the  wooden  stem 
slipping  off.  According  to  all  of  them,  wooden  stems  were  always  used  with 
tubular  pipes  as  with  elbow  and  simple  bowl  pipes;  for  a  person  cannot 
smoke  any  kind  of  stone  pipe  more  than  a  few  draws  before  it  becomes  too 
hot  for  the  lips.  To  Mr.  Teit's  mind,  no  matter  how  small  the  bore  of  the 
pipe,  a  regular  stem  must  have  been  used  for  smoking. 


Fig.  102. 


Fig.  103. 


Fig.  102.  Pipe  made  of  Steatite  used  by  the  Thompson  River  Indian.s  at  Spences  Bridge 
in  1895.     About  i  nat.  size.     (Drawn  from  a  sketch  by  Mr.  James  Teit.) 

Fig.  103.  Form  of  the  Flange-Shaped  Mouth  of  the  Bowl  of  some  Thompson  River 
Indian  Pipes.      About  4  nat.  size.     (Drawn  from  a  sketch  by  Mr.  James  Teit.) 

Some  tubular  pipes  are  said  to  have  had  a  flange  around  the  mouth  of  the 
bowl,  similar  to  that  on  elbow  pipes  as  in  Fig.  103;  but  this  flange  meets 
the  body  of  the  bowl  A\ith  an  even  curve.  Mr.  Teit  does  not  distinctly 
remember  having  seen  such  flanged  tubular  pipe  bowls  among  the  Thompson 
River  Indians  who  gave  him  this  information,  but  he  saw  one  specimen  at 
least,  of  the  elbow  type  with  flanged  bowl.  He  further  states  that  to  his 
knowledge  there  is  only  one  part  of  the  country  where  the  semi-transi)arent 
green  steatite  is  obtained;    that  is,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Fraser  lliver, 


1  Smith,  (li).  Fig.  4. 


110  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

over  twenty  miles  north  of  Lytton,  which  as  is  well  known  is  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Thom])son  River.  This  stone,  ^\hpn  polished  and  used,  takes  on  a 
much  darker  hue  than  its  original  color.  The  fire  may  be  seen  through  the 
stone  of  the  pipes  when  smoked  in  the  dark.  The  bluish  gray  steatite  is  the 
most  commonly  employed  and  it  turns  black  when  polished  and  used.  The 
Thompson  River  Indians  can  usually  tell  from  what  part  of  the  country  the 
stone  comes  of  which  any  particular  pipe  is  made. 

The  tubular  form  of  pipe  is  remembered  by  the  old  Indians  to  have  been 
in  use  in  the  Thompson  River  region,  although  not  so  common  as  the  simple 
pipe  bowls  and  elbow  pipes,  and  one  was  seen  in  use  in  eastern  Washington 
as  late  as  1896.^  On  the  other  hand,  no  simple  pipe  bowls  known  to  be 
such,  or  elbow  pi})es  have  been  seen  among  archaeological  finds.  The  bowl 
and  elbow  pipes  are  affiliated  with  forms  found  farther  east.  This  fact 
suggests  that  the  tubular  pipe  was  supplanted  recently  by  bowl  and  elbow 
forms  brought  in  from  the  southeast,  or  at  least  from  the  east.  The  west- 
ward movement  of  tribes  due  to  the  encroachment  of  our  settlements  may 
have  brought  them,  or  some  of  them,  and  they  may  be  patterned  after  pipes 
seen  in  the  hands  of  fur  traders  and  their  Indian  em])loyees.  The  tubular 
pipe  made  of  steatite,  shown  in  Fig.  104,  was  purchased  from  Mr.  W.  Z.  York 
of  Old  Yakima  (Old  Town),  who  secured  it  from  Shaw-wa-way,  an  Indian 
known  as  "^'oung  Chief  Aleck,"  who  lives  on  a  ranch  three  miles  south  of 
Old  Yakima.  This  Indian  is  known  to  have  frequently  visited  the  Okanogon 
region  and  it  is  ])ossible  that  he  secured  the  pipe,  decorated  as  it  is,  or  got 
the  idea  for  this  particular  sort  of  decoration  from  that  region.  This  is 
suggested  by  the  fact  that  this  ])articular  kind  of  decoration  is  common, 
especially  on  more  recent  ornaments,  in  the  Thompson  River  region,  the 
people  of  which  in  turn  frequently  visited  the  Okanogon  country.  The 
bowl  of  the  pipe  is  cut  scjuarely  across  at  the  end  where  the  outer  edge  has 
been  rounded.  It  is  of  the  typical  shape  of  this  form  of  pi]K\s,  and  has  been 
hollowed  out  by  gouging  contra-screw-wisc.  It  meets  the  stem  abru]>tly 
and  the  latter  is  slightly  larger  than  the  base  of  the  bowl,  so  that  it  seems 
to  be  separated  from  it.  The  stem  is  very  short  and  cylindrical  and  the  end 
is  cut  squarely  off;  l)ut  it  is  bevelled  on  each  side  so  that  about  one  third  of 
the  end  is  left  and  the  bevelled  surfaces  extend  over  half  the  length  of  the  stem. 
This  beveling  may  have  been  to  form  the  mouthpiece;  but  it  seems  more 
likclv  that  the  ])i])e  had  a  long  stem  similar  to  those  found  in  the  Thompson 
River  region.-  Tliis  seems  to  have  been  broken  olf  obIi(|Ucly  near  the  bowl, 
then  cuts((uarely  across,  and  the  other  side  bevelled  to  give  bilateral  sym- 
metry because  one  of  these  bevelled  surfaces  appears  as  if  it  had  been 

1  Teit,  (a),  p.  300. 

2  Smith,  (fl).  Figs.  103.  104  and  111;    (c),  Figs.  374a,  b. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  V alien.  HI 

broken  and  then  only  slightly  smoothed;  both  of  these  surfaces  and  the 
square  end  of  the  stem  seem  to  have  been  more  recently  cut  than  the  rest 
of  the  pipe.  These  three  surfaces  seem  less  polished  and  as  if  they  were 
made  with  a  steel  knife.  The  bore  of  the  stem  measures  5  nun.  in  diameter. 
A  portion  of  the  bowl  is  decorated  by  incised  lines  into  which  red  paint  has 
been  daubed,  suggesting  that  it  was  recently  applied;  while  the  design  it- 
self, which  is  further  described  on  p.  131  under  the  section  of  art,  is  of 
figures  which  suggest  that  it  was  made  lately.  Possibly  the  pipe  is  old,  but 
was  recently  broken  and  decorated  with  the  incised  design  and  paint. 

The  fragment  of  a  sculptured  tubular  pipe  made  of  steatite  shown  in 
Fig.  105  is  apparently  about  half  of  the  original  object.  It  was  found  in  an 
Indian  grave  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  bank  of  the  Yakima  River 
at  a  point  about  nine  miles  above  its  mouth,  in  August  1902,  by  Mr.  W.  Y. 
Sonderman  of  Kennewick.  ]\Ir.  Sonderman's  collection  from  the  immediate 
vicinity  contained  glass  beads,  a  metallic  handle  and  buttons,  as  well  as 
chipped  points.  As  the  contents  of  the  three  graves  from  which  he  obtained 
this  collection,  during  the  construction  of  an  irrigation  canal  were  mixed, 
it  seems  that  this  pipe  may  belong  to  the  same  period  as  that  of  the  glass 
beads  and  other  objects  of  European  manufacture  and  consecjuently  may 
be  modern,  although  it  may  be  an  old  specimen,  deposited  in  a  modern 
grave.  The  general  form  of  the  pipe  was  thought  to  be  that  of  a  cone. 
The  portion  towards  the  front  of  the  carving,  however,  is  somewhat  longer 
than  that  towards  the  rear,  and  the  back  is  nearly  flat,  although  this  may  be 
caused  simply  by  the  carving.  The  bore  is  somewhat  smaller  at  the  mouth 
of  the  bowl  than  lower  down.  It  was  apparently  gouged  out.  Some  traces 
of  dirt,  perhaps  the  remains  of  the  material  smoked  in  the  pipe  may  be  seen 
to\A'ards  its  larger  opening.  The  carving,  which  represents  a  human  form, 
is  further  described  under  the  section  of  art  on  p.  135.  As  the  tubular 
form  of  pipe  seems  to  be  common  to  this  region,  as  well  as  to  the  Thonq^son 
River  region,  further  north,  it  would  seem  that  this  specimen  may  be  a 
variation  from  the  type  or  merely  one  of  these  pipes  made  by  an  artist.  It 
may  be  that  such  sculptured  forms  of  this  type  of  pi])e  may  not  be  t'ouiid  in 
the  Thompson  River  region,  and  that  the  carving  of  tubular  jiipes  in  this 
way  may  be  characteristic  of  the  Yakima  region,  although  the  style  of  art 
suggests  that  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region  and  more  es])ecially  iu 
the  Lillooet  Valley. 

Only  one  specimen  of  the  second  or  sinq)le  bowl  i\\w  was  seen  by  iis  in 
the  whole  region.  It  is  shown  in  Fig.  lOG,  and  was  found  near  the  head  of 
Priest  Rapids  by  a  boy  from  whom  Mrs.  J.  B.  Davidson  obtaiiud  i(  for  her 
collection.  She  afterwards  presented  it  to  our  (•x])edition.  It  is  made  of 
schistose  rock,  apparently  limestone,  of  gray  color  with  lighter  veins.     'V\w 


112 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museuvi  of  Xahanl  Hidonj.    [\o\.  \'I, 


object  is  oval  in  section,  slightly  longer  than  it  is  wide,  and  a  little  wider 
than  it  is  thick  being  32  mm.  long,  29  mm.  wide,  and  15  mm.  thick.  If 
slightly  flatter,  this  pipe  would  rcseml)le  in  shape  the  third  type.  The  inside 
of  the  bowl  which  was  apparently  gouged  out,  is  1.3  mm.  in  diameter;  while 
the  opening  for  the  stem  seems  to  have  been  drilled.  This  opening  is  7  mm. 
in  diameter.     The  rim  of  the  bowl  is  flattened,  and  this  flat  surface  re- 


Fig.  104. 


Fig.  107. 


Fig.  105. 


Fig.  108. 


Fig.  106. 


Fig.  104  (202-8122).  Tubular  Pipe  made  of  Steatite.  From  an  Indian  living  three  miles 
south  of  Old  Yakima,     i  nat.  size.     (Collected  bj-  Mr.  York.) 

Fig.  10,5  (202-8120).  Fragment  of  a  Sculptured  Tubular  Pipe  made  of  Steatite.  From 
near  Kennewick.     \  nat.  size.     (Collected  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Sondernian.) 

Fig.  106  (202-8396).  Pipe  made  of  Limestone.  From  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids. 
\  nat.  size.     (Collected  and  presented  by  Mrs.  J.  B.  Davidson.) 

Fig.  107  (20.0-1470).  Pipe  made  of  Sandstone.  From  the  Snake  River  Indians.  ^  nat. 
size.     (Collected  and  presented  by  Mr  Owen.) 

Fig.  108.  Pipe  made  of  Blue  Stone.  From  the  Yakima  Valley,  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn 
from  photograph  44.503,  6-4.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.) 

Fig.  109.  Pipe  made  of  Stone.  From  the  Yakima  Valley,  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from 
photograph  44503,  6-4.     Original  catalogue  No.  155  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.) 


sembles  that  of  the  ])art  of  a  hammerstone  used  for  pecking.  This  style 
of  pipe  somewhat  resembles  some  of  the  pipes  used  by  the  Thompson  River 
Indians  of  the  present  day  and  together  with  elbow  pii)es,  su])plemented  the 
tubular  ])ipe  in  that  region.  This  suggests  them  to  be  more  modern  than  the 
tubular  ])ipes  in  this  region  where  also  they  are  nul  ;is  numerous.  The 
type  is  not  found  among  the  archaeological  remains  in  the  Thompson  region, 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  113 

but  Mr.  Teit  sent  one  .simple  bowl  pipe  to  the  ^Museum  from  a  very  old  grave 
at  Spuzzum  besides  two  from  the  Thompson  Indians.^  The  absence  of  this 
form  of  pipe  among  archaeological  S})ecimens  from  the  areas  to  the  north 
and  west  suggests  that  the  culture  of  this  region  is  somewhat  more  closely 
related  to  that  further  east  than  are  the  cultures  of  the  areas  further  north 
and  west.  The  i)ipe  is  ornamented  with  a  circle  and  dot  design  again  men- 
tioned under  the  section  of  art  on  p.  13.- 

Specimens  of  the  third  or  disk-shaped  type  are  shown  in  Figs.  107,  108 
and  109.  The  first,  made  of  sandstone,  is  from  the  Snake  River  Indians, 
was  a  part  of  Mr.  D.  W.  Owen's  collection,  and  was  presented  by  him  to 
our  expedition.  It  is  nearly  of  the  form  of  a  disk  but  has  slightly  bulging 
sides,  52  mm.  long,  49  mm.  Avide,  and  19  mm.  thick.  The  mouth  of  the 
bowl  is  13  mm.  in  diameter;  while  the  opening  for  the  stem,  at  right  angles 
to  it,  is  9  nmi.  in  diameter.  The  convex  appearance  of  the  sides  or  ends  of 
the  disk  is  due  to  the  beveling  of  these  surfaces  near  their  edges.  On  each 
of  these  sides  is  an  incised  design.  These  are  again  mentioned  under  the 
section  of  art  on  p.  125.  The  second  s])ecimen,  shown  in  Fig.  108,  is  oval 
in  outline  with  slightly  convex  sides.  The  object  is  made  of  blue  stone  and 
was  found  in  the  Yakima  \'alley.  It  is  about  52  mm.  long,  41  nmi.  wide, 
and  19  mm.  thick.  Parallel  scratches  on  the  surface  suggest  that  it  was 
brought  into  shape  by  grinding  with  a  piece  of  sandstone,  although  these 
marks  may  be  interpreted  as  those  made  with  a  file.  The  opening  in  the 
bowl  tapers  evenly  towards  its  base,  from  one  of  the  longer  edges  of  the 
discoid;  while  the  somewhat  longer  drilling  for  the  stem  from  one  of  the 
shorter  edges  of  the  disk,  at  right  angles  to  the  bore  of  the  bowl,  is  of  nearly 
the  same  diameter  throughout.  The  specimen  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Louis  O.  Janeck  of  North  Yakima.^  The  third  specimen  of  this  type  which 
is  shown  in  Fig.  109  is  No.  155  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck,  and  was  also 
found  in  the  Yakima  Valley.  It  is  made  of  stone  resembling  quartzite  in 
appearance  and  is  of  a  waxy,  yellowish  brown  color.  It  is  nearly  circular 
in  outline,  almost  flat  on  the  rim,  and  the  sides  are  somewhat  convex.  It 
is  45  mm.  long  by  40  mm.  wide  and  19  mm.  thick.  The  bore  of  the  bowl 
is  H)  mm.  in  diameter  at  the  mouth,  and  is  somewhat  larger  than  that  of  the 
stem,  which  is  10  mm.  in  diameter  at  its  end,  and  at  right  angles  to  the  bowl. 
Each  bore  taj)crs  from  its  outer  opening  to  the  ])oint  of  juncture.  In  the 
Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east  near  Asotin  city,  this  disk-sha])cd  ty])(>  of  ])ii)e 
is  found."*     Mr.  Fay  Cooper  Cole  of  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History 


1  Teit,  (a),  Figs.  27.5  and  276. 

2  Museum  ru-s^itive  no.  ■4450.5,  6-6. 

3  Museum  iieKative  no.  4-1503,  6-4. 
*  Spinden.  p.  189,  Fig.  6,  Plate  ix. 


114 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 


believes  the  Tlingit  have  a  variation  of  this  type  of  pipe  and  that  it  is  also 
found  in  California.     Its  occurrence  in  Oregon  is  mentioned  by  ^loorehead.^ 

The  fourth  or  rectangular  bowl  type  is  shown  in  Figs.  110,  111  and  112. 
The  first  shows  the  axis  of  the  bowl  and  that  of  the  stem,  at  nearly,  if  not 
exactly,  a  right  angle.  The  specimen  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  York,  and 
is  made  of  soft  grit  or  sandstone.  'Vhv  outer  opening  of  the  bowl  is  some- 
what larger  than  that  of  the  stem.  There  Avas  a  band  around  the  bowl, 
made  up  of  a  single  thickness  of  thread  which  is  not  shown  in  the  figure. 

The  second  of  these  specimens,  shown  in  Fig.  Ill,  is  a  sim})le  elbow  pipe 
with  the  angle  between  the  axis  of  the  bowl  and  the  stem,  slightly  greater 
than  90  degrees.  It  is  also  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  York  and  is  made  of 
steatite,  which  he  calls  Wenatchee  pipe  stone.  The  outer  opening  of  the 
bowl  is  slightly  larger  than  that  of  the  stem.     The  third  specimen,  shown  in 


Fig.  no. 


Fig.  111. 


Fig.   112. 


Fig.  110.  Pipe  made  of  Soft  Sandstone.  Locality  Unknown.  ^-  nat.  size.  (Drawn 
from  a  sketch.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  York.) 

Fig.  111.  Pipe  made  of  Steatite.  Locality  Unknown.  ^  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  a 
sketch.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  York.) 

Fig.  112.  Pipe  made  of  Soft  Sandstone.  Locality  Unknown,  i  nat.  size.  (Drawn 
from  a  sketch.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  York.) 


Fig.  112,  is  also  of  the  simple  elbow  type  and  the  axis  of  the  bowl  is  nearly 
at  right  angles  to  that  of  the  stem.  It  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  York,  and 
is  made  of  soft  grit  or  sandstone  of  a  yellowish  gray  color.  In  the  Thompson 
River  region  to  the  north,  according  to  Mr.  Teit,  there  seems  to  \)r  little 
doubt  but  that  the  tubular  pipe  has  been  supplanted  by  the  sim])le  liowl  and 
elbow  types.^  This  change  may  have  been  brought  about  by  tlie  copying 
of  the  early  trader's  pipes  but  Mr.  Teit  believes  it  more  likely  to  have  come 
from  influence  from  the  southeast,  passed  from  tribe  to  tribe  about  the  same 
time  as  the  advent  of  the  horse  or  a  little  later.  The  ''i"'honi])son  River 
Indians  tell  him  that  the  tubular  ])ipe  continued  to  be  the  one  in  conunon  use 
as  long  as  native  tobacco  only  was  used,  but  after  the  introduction  of  manu- 
factured tobacco  the  elbow  type  came  to  be  exclusively  used  bei;ause  very 


1  Moorehead,  Fig.  27,  p.  316. 

2  Teit,  (a),  Figs.  271  and  306. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  115 

much  better  adapted  for  holding  the  latter  kind  of  tobacco.  In  the  Nez 
Perce  region  to  the  east,  pipes  with  rectangular  bowls  were  found. ^  One  of 
these  bowls  has  an  incised  design  re])resenting  a  tomahawk,  which  with  the 
character  of  other  incisions  on  it  suggest  that  it  is  modern.  Only  two  finds 
of  elbow  pipes  have  been  rej)orted  on  the  coast.  These,^  which  were  of 
fragments,  were  said  by  Mr.  Edmond  Croft  to  have  been  found  by  him  in  a 
shell  heap  near  Markliam  on  Grey's  Harbor,  Washington.  They  are  made 
of  fine-grained  sandstone  of  a  gray  color.  Both  were  apparently  intended 
to  be  used  with  a  wooden  stem  and  one  of  them  has  a  ventral  mid-rib  from 
the  mouth  of  the  stem  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  bowl  which  reminds  one 
somewhat  of  a  similar  appendage  on  the  pipe  from  the  Yakima  Valley 
shown  in  Fig.  113  and  one  from  the  Thom])son  Indians.^  ]My  supposition 
has  been  that  they  reached  the  coast  recently  from  this  general  region  })os- 
sibly  by  way  of  the  Columbia  or  were  taken  there  by  employees  of  the  fur 
companies  in  early  historic  times. 

The  fifth  type  is  illustrated  by  the  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  128.  It  is 
the  only  specimen  of  this  type  which  I  have  seen  from  the  region.  It  is  now 
in  the  collection  of  Mrs.  Jay  Lynch  at  Fort  Simcoe  who  obtained  it  from 
Chief  iMoses.  It  is  made  of  black  steatite  which  Mrs.  Lynch  calls  Wenatchee 
pipe  stone,  inlaid  with  white  metal  and  has  a  wooden  stem.  It  is  compara- 
tively modern  as  is  shown  by  the  presence  of  inlaid  white  metal.  The 
mouth  of  the  bowl  is  18  mm.  in  diameter,  but  tapers  suddenly,  the  rest  of 
the  bowl  cavity  being  nearly  cylindrical.  The  opening  for  the  wooden  stem 
is  11  mm.  in  diameter,  and  also  tapers  suddenly  to  a  nearly  even  bore.  It 
is  of  the  same  form  as  many  of  the  pipes  made  of  red  pipe  stone  (catlinite). 
This  form  of  pipe  is  fovmd  throughout  the  Minnesota-Dakota  region.  This 
specimen,  however,  bears  four  carvings,  which  together  with  the  inlaid  white 
metal  design  are  further  mentioned  under  the  section  of  art  on  pp.  118  and 
135.  It  would  seem  that  this  type  of  pijjc  belongs  to  the  region  further  east, 
and  as  no  ancient  pipe  of  this  form  has  been  found  in  this  whole  region,  as 
well  as  from  the  fact  that  this  specimen  marks  the  most  westerly  occurrence 
of  this  form,  so  far  as  we  know,  we  may  conclude  that  it  was  introduced  from 
the  east  in  comparatively  modern  times.  The  type  of  carving,  however, 
may  be  of  more  local  origin.  The  bringing  together  of  several  animal  forms 
may  be  associated  with  the  idea  of  the  totem  poles  found  to  the  west;  but 
no  more  so  than  the  wooden  pi])e  stems  of  the  Plains  which  the  general 
character  of  the  carving  more  closelv  resembles.^     In  this  connection,  it  may 


'  Spinden,  p.  188,  Figs.  7  and  8,  Plate  ix. 

2  Smiih,  (b),  Fig.  140. 

3  Teil,  (a),  Fi^.  .306. 

<   Mu.seum  negative  no.  44508,  6-9,  6-10,  6-11. 


116  Aidhropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Hisldrtj.     [\o\.  VI, 


be  well  to  remember  that  in  the  Nez  Perce  region,  catlinite  for  pipes  seems 
to  have  been  acquired  from  the  Plains  tribes.^  A  pipe  made  from  stone 
found  in  the  Cascade  IMountains  of  ^Yashing■ton,  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
C.  G.  Hidout,  of  Chelan,  Washington,  who  states  that  it  has  a  representation 
of  a  bear  and  a  man  on  the  shaft  back  of  the  bowl. 

A  specimen  of  the  sixth  type  is  shown  in  Fig.  113.  It  is  the  only  one  of 
this  style  which  I  have  seen  in  the  whole  region,  and  was  obtained  from  a 
Yakima  Indian.  It  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  McCandless.  It  is  made  of 
steatite,  which  IMr.  McCandless  calls  "sandstone  from  the  northern  part  of 

Wenatchee  Lake."  The  form  of  the  ])ipe  seems  to  be 
a  conventionalized  tomahawk  i)ii:)e.  The  bowl  is  cir- 
cular in  section  and  somewhat  urn-shaj)ed  and  rests 
\\\)0\\  the  part  that  is  drilled  for  the  stem  and  which  is 
rather  square  in  cross  section  with  slightly  convex  sides. 
Projecting  from  the  lower  i)art  of  this  is  the  form  which 
represents  the  tomahawk  blade.  It  is  wider  at  its  con- 
vex edges  than  where  it  joins  the  base  of  the  stem  ])art. 
Its  three  edges  are  flat,  and  it  is  of  about  equal  thick- 
ness throughout.  The  pipe  is  somewhat  stained  by 
tobacco.  It  seems  likely  that  this  was  modelled  after 
the  metal  hatchet,  tomahawk  or  tomahawk  i)ii)e,  intro- 
duced by  the  traders,-  being  a  rather  modern  pipe,  since 
Original  in  the  coiiec-      sucli  objccts  do  not  seem   to  have  been  used  in  early 

tion  of   Mr.  McCand-       _,.  ..i  .1.  •  j-iT*i 

jggg )  tunes  m  the  great  plateau  region  accordmg  to  L.ewis.'' 

The  seventh  type  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  127.  The 
specimen  is  the  only  one  of  the  style  which  I  have  seen  from  this  whole 
region  and  so  closely  resembles  in  its  carving  the  work  of  the  Kwakiutl, 
Ilaida  and  Tsimshian  Indians  of  the  coast  to  the  northwest,  that  I  am 
inclined  to  believe  it  was  brought  in  as  a  gift  or  l)y  trade.  The  mnterial  is 
ap])arentiy  soft  slate,  but  is  rather  light  in  color,  possibly  having  been 
burned.  Its  apj)earance  suggests  that  it  is  the  same  as  that  used  by  the 
Haida  Indians  on  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  for  the  carving  of  such 
things  as  dishes,  miniature  totem  poles,  and  ])ipes.  The  pipe  is  made  up  of 
carvings  representing  among  other  things  a  bird,  a  human  form  and  a 
human  face,  which  are  more  fully  described  under  the  section  of  art  on  ]>. 
VM\.  This  s])ecimen  was  found  two  feet  deep  in  earth  at  one  side  of  a  grave 
in  a  little  hillside  on  '^I\)])penish  (reek,  four  miles  southeast  of  Fort  Simcoe. 
Above  the  earth  were  rocks,  and  the  grave  was  nnirkcd  by  a  circle  of  stones. 


Fig.  113.  Pipe 
made  of  Steatite. 
From  a  Yakima  In- 
dian. ^  nat.  size. 
(Drawn  from  photo- 
graph     44506,      6-7. 


1  Spiii.Ioii,  p.  188. 

2  Museum  negative  no.  44506,  6-7. 

3  Lewi.s,  p.  190. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  117 

111  the  grave  were  found  elk  teeth,  and  a  sea  shell,  filled  with  a  blue  powder, 
evidently  paint,  and  covered  with  what  appears  to  be  gut  or  a  bladder-like 
skin.  ^Yhat  is  described  as  a  silver  coin,  afterwards  lost,  was  found  with 
this  pipe.  It  is  possible  that  it  may  have  been  a  silver  disk  or  medal.  The 
bowl  of  the  l)ipe,  which  was  gouged  out,  is  in  the  middle  of  the  carving, 
and  the  tube  for  the  reception  of  the  stem  projects  from  the  end  under  the 
human  form.  The  upper  part  of  the  human  figure  is  broken  off.  A  hole 
was  drilled  in  the  opposite  end  of  the  pii)e  through  the  lower  part  of  the 
bird  form,  but  if  it  had  any  connection  with  the  l)owl,  this  is  not  now  dis- 
cernible.' The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  59  and  considered  as  a  mat  presser 
reminds  one  of  an  unfinished  pipe. 


Art. 


The  graphic  and  plastic  art  of  the  early  people  of  this  region  is  illustrated 
by  pictographic  line  paintings  in  red  and  white  on  the  basaltic  columns  of 
the  cliffs;^  petroglyphs  of  the  same  general  style  pecked  into  similar  cliffs; 
incised  designs  on  stone,  bone,  antler  and  dentalium  shells,  and  carvings 
both  incised  and  pecked  in  stone.  Some  of  the  objects  found  are  colored 
by  red  ochre  or  have  it  rubbed  into  the  lines  of  their  incised  designs.  Ex- 
amples of  graphic  art  seem  to  l)e  more  common  than  those  of  plastic  art. 

The  paintings  and  pecked  designs  on  cliffs  are  more  or  less  geometric 
although  pictogra}>hic  in  character.  The  incised  designs  are  still  more 
geometric  and  include  the  circle  and  dot  commonly  found  in  the  Thompson 
River  region.^  This  design  is  also  common  on  modern  objects  from  the 
coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Washington,  but  was  not  there  present  among 
archaeological  finds.  Lewis  ^  states  that  according  to  the  early  writers,  in 
the  general  area  of  which  this  is  a  part,  porcupine  quills  were  much  used  for 
decorating  articles  of  clothing  and  that  later,  beads  were  used  for  this  pur- 
pose. The  modern  designs  are  largely  floral.  Among  the  Xe/,  Perce, 
floral  and  ])iaiit  designs  in  beadwork  are  particularly  common  although 
some  geometric  designs  occur,  as  on  belts,  the  decoration  of  which  is  largely 
geometric,  as  scpiares,  triangles  and  similar  figures.'^     Lewis"  believes  that 


1  Museum  negative  no.  44509,  6-9,  6-10,  6-11. 

2  A  few  of  which  were  figured  and  described  in  Smith,  (g),  pp.  195-203,  and  abstracted  in 
The  Scientific  .American  Supplement,  pp.  23876-8,  Vol.  LVIII,  No.  1490,  July  23,  1904,  and  in 
Records  of  the  Past,  pp.  119-127.  Vol.  IV,  Part  IV,  April,  1905. 

3  Smith,  (c).  Figs.  3601)  and  378;    (d).  Figs.  109.  110  and  111. 
*  I-ewis,  p.  191. 

5  Spinden,  p.  236. 
«  Lewis,  p.  191. 


118  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natund  Ili.stori/.    [Vol.  VI, 

the  designs  of  the  general  region  were  originally  geometric-  and  that  some  of 
the  modern  geometric  designs  are  survivals,  while  others  suggest  eastern 
influence.  He  further  states  that  floral  designs  are  found  among  the  Salish 
tril)es  hut  to  a  much  less  extent.  We  found  no  floral  designs  among  the 
archaeological  specimens  in  the  Yakima  area.  Some  of  the  incised  work, 
on  certain  of  the  carvings  is  of  good  technique,  and  artistic  execution.  This 
is  noticeable  in  the  object  made  of  antler,  carved  on  one  surface  to  represent 
a  human  figure  in  costume,  shown  in  Fig.  121  and  on  the  dish  shown  in  Fig. 
116.  Inlaying  with  white  metal  was  ])ractised  in  comparatively  modern 
times.  Animal  heads  are  represented  by  the  specialization  of  knobs  on 
pestles,  an  animal  form  by  a  mortar  and  human  forms  by  some  of  the  picto- 
graphs,  and  petroglyphs,  the  incised  antler  figure  and  several  of  the  pipes. 

Many  of  the  re])resentations  are  realistic,  others  are  highly  conventional. 
Some  conventional  representations  are  explained  by  similar  figures.  For 
instance,  the  radiating  lines  of  the  i)ictogra])hs  shown  in  Plate  xvi  are 
probably  explained  satisfactorily  by  similar  figures  in  Plate  xi.  Fig.  2, 
such  radiations  on  the  costumed  figure  in  antler  shown  in  Fig.  121  or  by  the 
feather  headdresses  worn  by  the  present  natives.  Spinden  states  that  in  the 
Nez  Perce  region,  realistic  figures  are  probably  of  recent  origin.^  One  of 
the  carvings  is  clearly  of  the  art  of  the  northwest  coast,  from  which' the 
object  or  the  artist  who  executed  it  must  have  come.  Some  of  the  picto- 
graphic-geometric  and  conventional  figures  probably  re])resent  guardian 
spirits  and  illustrate  dreams  done  in  symbols.  A  few  art  forms  are  evenly 
spaced  on  objects  but  only  a  few  are  distorted  to  fit  the  shape  of  the  field. 
Pictographic  symbols  and  conventional  figures  may  be  placed  in  groups  to 
form  designs  as  in  the  arrangement  of  the  circles  and  dots  on  the  pipe  shown 
in  Fig.  lOG. 

In  general,  the  art  of  the  region  tends  toward  line  work  of  geometric  and 
a  slightly  ])ictographic  nature.  It  shows  little  resemblance  to  that  of  the 
coast,  but  a  strong  relationship  to  that  of  the  Plains.  The  decorative  art  of 
the  Nez  Perce  region  includes  motives  from  the  Plains  and  also  from  the 
Pacific  Coast."  Sonic  of  their  designs  ])artake  strongly  of  motives  froui  the 
Plains,  while  here  in  the  Yakima  Valley  there  are  ])erha])S  more  examples 
of  coast  art  and  still  nuicli  iuHucncc  from  tlic  Plains.  S])indcn  says  that  in 
earlv  times  the  Nez  Perec  were  very  jjoor  in  (IccorMlixc  ideas  and  that  the 
richness  and  variety  found  in  their  modern  art  may  be  ascribed  to  the  absorb- 
ing of  ideas  from  other  cultures.  This  is  ])('r]iaps  c((ually  true  of  the  Yakima 
region  where  the  influence  of  coast  art  in  ])ro])ortion  to  that  from  the  Plains 
is  perhaps  greater  than  in  the  Nez  Perce  region. 


1  Spinden,  p.  236. 

2  Spiiuleii,  p.  233. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima   Valley.  119 

Paintings.     Pictographic  line  paintings  somewhat  geometric  in  character, 
made  on  the  basaUic  cohimns  on  the  west  of  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek, 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Naches  River,  about  four  miles  northwest  from  North 
Yakima,  are  shown  in  Plates  xiv-xvr.     These  pictures,  some  in  red,  and 
some  in  white,  were  probably  painted  with  mineral  matter  mixed  with 
grease.     Their  antiquity  is  unknown.     In  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east,^ 
pictographs  in  red,  yellow  and  black  occur,  while  in  the  Thompson  River 
area  -  and  in  the  Lillooet  Valley,^  pictographs  in  red  are  found.    Some  of  the 
Yakima  pictographs  have  been  destroyed  during  the  construction  of  the 
irrigation  flume  which  runs  along  the  top  of  this  cliff.     Others  are  partly 
covered  by  the  talus  slope.     All  those  remaining,  are  here  represented  by 
those  reproduced  in  the  plates.     They  extend  from  the  top  of  the  talus  slope 
upward  a  distance  of  perhaps  five  feet.     Many  of  them  are  indistinct,  and 
appear  more  easily  seen,  if  they  are  not  actually  clearer,  in  the  photographs 
here  reproduced  than  in  the  originals.     Many  of  the  paintings  represent 
human  heads  and  headdresses  and  one  of  them  the  whole  figure  with  such  a 
headdress.     These  headdresses  may  be  compared  to  similar  designs  in  the 
petroglyphs  (Plate  xi)  at  Sentinal  Blufts,  thirty-three  miles  to  the  northeast 
(Fig.  2,  Plate  XII  and  Fig.  1,  Plate  xiii)  at  Selah  Canon,  eight  miles  to  the 
northeast  and  the  headdress  pecked  on  the  grooved  net  sinker  shown  in 
Fig.  14.     Also,  taken  together  with  the  pictographs  representing  the  full 
figure  with  similar  headdress  shown  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  xiv,  may  be  compared 
to  the  petroglyphs  of  men  each  with  a  headdress  among  those  at  Sentinal 
Bluffs,  the  human  figure  with  a  headdress  carved  in  antler  found  near 
Tampico,  only  fourteen  miles  to  the  southwest  and  shown  in  Fig.   121, 
petroglyphs  which  apparently  represent  human  forms  somewhat  similar  to 
this,  on  Buffalo  Rock,  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east  *  and  the  quill 
flattener  carved  to  represent  a  human  form  with  headdress  or  hair  from  the 
Dakota  shown  in  Fig.  122. 

The  human  figure  with  feather  headdress  indicated  by  ten  lines  shown 
in  Fig.  1,  Plate  xiv  is  all  in  red.  It  is  the  next  to  the  westernmost  picto- 
graj)h  at  this  site.  It  is  457  mm.  high,  the  ends  of  the  legs  are  279  mm.  apart, 
the  ti])  of  the  arms  254  mu).,  ilu'  width  of  the  headdress  229  mm.  and  the 
height  of  the  middle  feather  101  mm.  Tliere  are  four  horizontal  red  lines 
on    the  ovcrlianging  cohuiin   above   the    figure.'^     Fig.  2   Plate  XiV  shows 


'  Spinden,  p.  232. 

2  Teit,  (a),  p.  .3.39  and  381. 

3  Teit,  (b),  PI.  IX. 

••  Spinden,  Plate  x.  Fig.  5. 

5  Mviseum  negative  no.  44479,  4-4  taken  from  tlie  east.     First  reproduced  in  Smith,  C&)» 
Fig.  2,  Plate  viii. 


120  Anthropological  Papers  Aynerican  Museum  af  Xaiural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

luiinan  heads  with  feather  headdresses  in  white. ^  Fig.  1  Plate  xv  shows 
siinihir  human  heads  with  feather  headdresses  also  in  white."  Fig.  2,  Plate 
XV  shows  human  heads  with  feather  headdresses  in  white  and  a  double  star 
figure  in  white  and  red.^  Plate  xvi  ^  shows  human  heads  with  feather 
headdresses  in  white  and  red.  In  atklition,  Fig.  2  shows  the  advertisement 
of  a  modern  business  man  over  the  pictograi)hs.  Some  of  the  ])ictographs 
at  the  same  place  have  every  alternate  radiating  line  in  red,  while  others 
are  in  white. 

Mr.  G.  R.  Shafer  informed  me  that  he  knows  of  ])ainted  rocks  in  the 
Teton  River  Valley,  20  miles  above  the  Nelson  Bridge,  which  crosses  the 
Naches  a  short  distance  above  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek.  jNlr.  W.  H. 
Wilcox  of  North  Yakima  stated  to  me  that  there  are  pictures  on  rocks  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Columbia  River  ten  miles  south  of  Wenatchee.  Bancroft^ 
refers  to  painted  and  "carved"  pictures  on  the  perpendicular  rocks  between 
Yakima  and  Pisquouse.  According  to  Mallery,  "Capt.  Charles  Bendire, 
U.  S.  Army,  states  in  a  letter  that  Col.  Henry  C.  Merriam,  U.  S.  Army, 
discovered  pictogra])hs  on  a  perpendicular  cliff  of  granite  at  the  lower  end 
of  Lake  Chelan,  hit.  48°  N.,  near  old  Fort  O'Kinakane,  on  the  upper  Colum- 
bia River.  The  etchings  appear  to  have  been  made  at  widely  different 
periods,  and  are  evidently  quite  old.  Those  which  appeared  the  earliest 
were  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet  above  the  present  water  level.  Those 
appearing  more  recent  are  about  ten  feet  above  water  level.  The  figures 
are  in  black  and  red  colors,  representing  Indians  with  bows  and  arrows,  elk, 
deer,  bear,  beaver,  and  fish.  There  are  four  or  five  rows  of  these  figures, 
and  (juite  a  numl)cr  in  each  row.  Phe  present  native  inhabitants  know 
nothing  whatever  regarding  the  history  of  these  paintings.""  Ap})arently 
only  paintings  are  meant. 

Red  ochre  is  rubbed  in  the  circle  and  dot  designs  and  the  grain  of  the 
stone  of  the  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  30  and  also  in  the  incised  lines  on  the  pipe 
shown  in  Fig.  104.  Red  paint  (mercury)  partly  fills  some  of  the  holes  and 
lines  on  the  pendant  made  of  steatite  shown  in  Fig.  119.  Because  of  the 
mineral  nature  of  this  paint,  it  may  have  remained  a  long  time  and  its  presence 
does  not  necessarily  ])rove  that  the  supposedly  old  grave  in  which  the  object 
was  found  is  i-ceciit.  Red  paint  also  fills  the  circles  and  dots  in  the  slate 
object  shown   in   l*'ig.    120  while   vermilion  ])aint   is  found   in   the  grooves 


1  Museum  negative  no.  44483,  4-8  fiom  I  lie  iiortl:.     First  reproduced  Ibid..  Fig.  1,  Plate 

VIII. 

2  Museum  negative  no.  4448.5,  4-10  linni  I  he  uorili. 

3  Museum  negative  no.  44480,  4-.5  from  the  nortli. 

*  Museum  negatives  Mos  44486.4-11,44487   4-12  from  tlie  north, 

s  Bancroft,  IV,  p.  7.3.J;    Lord.  1 1 ,  pp.  I  ().' and  1'60;   Gihbs,  I,  p   411. 

0  Mallery,  p.  20. 


1910.]  Smith,   The  Yakima  Valley.  121 

of  the  animal  form  shown  in  Fig.  125  and  as  this  is  probably  a  mineral  which 
would  be  rather  endurino;,  it  does  not  indicate  that  the  ])ainting  was  recently 
done. 

Painting  was  done  on  moccasins  in  the  general  plateau  area  of  which 
this  is  a  part.^  Spinden  states  that  in  the  Xez  Perce  region  the  natives 
depended  upon  minerals  for  dyes,  except  in  the  cases  of  a  wood,  which 
produced  a  brown  dye,  and  rock  slime  which  ])roduced  green  -  and  that 
white,  red,  blue  and  yellow  earth  paints  were  obtained  by  them  further  east 
from  the  vicinity  of  the  Grande  Ronde  Valley;  ^  also,  that  rock  surfaces  were 
painted  over  with  brown  as  a  field  upon  which  to  })eck  petroglyphs.*  In  the 
same  region  moreover,  white  clay  ^  was  used  for  cleaning  clothing. 

Petwgh/pJi.^.  The  ])etrogly])hs  ])ecked  into  the  weathered  surface  of  the 
basaltic  columns  found  in  this  region,  are  similar  in  style  to  the  paintings, 
being  largely  line  designs  of  geometric  or  conventional  representation  to- 
gether with  a  few  realistic  figures.  The  ])ictures  are  formed  by  pecking 
away  the  weathered  surface  and  exposing  the  lighter  color  of  the  basalt 
below.  Some  of  them  may  be  very  old,  but  the  l)ruised  surfaces  making  up 
the  lines  are  not  weathered  very  much  in  comparison  with  the  surrounding 
rock  svirface  and  yet  there  is  no  history  of  their  manufacture.  In  the  Nez 
Perce  region**  such  pecked  pictographs  are  also  found,  some  of  them  being 
upon  fields  painted  brown. 

In  Plate  xi  are  shown  petroglyphs  on  the  vertical  basaltic  columns  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  Columbia  Kiver  at  Sentinal  Bluffs,  immediately  above 
Priest  Papids.  They  are  at  the  base  of  the  cliffs  shown  in  Plate  v.  Those 
shown  in  Fig.  1  are  to  the  east  of  the  road  which  runs  along  a  notch  blasted 
in  the  top  of  the  columns  that  rise  from  the  river  at  this  point,  while  those 
shown  in  Fig.  2  are  about  fifteen  feet  to  the  southwest  on  the  columns  that 
rise  shear  from  the  river. 

Some  of  those  shown  in  Fig.  1  '^  represent  human  figures  each  with  a 
feather  headdress  which  may  be  compared  with  that  of  the  antler  figure 
found  at  Tam])ico  (Fig.  121)  and  the  pictographs  of  Co^^iche  Creek.  This 
place  is  only  about  47  miles  northeast  from  Tampico,  and  33  miKvs  in  the 
same  direction  from  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek.  One  of  these  is  shown 
in  Fig.  2.^     The  long  form  in  the  centre  has  a  headdress  which  taken  with 

1  Lewis,  p.  190. 

2  Spinden,  p.  191. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  222. 
"  Ibid.,  p.  231. 
s  Ibid.,  p.  216. 

6  Spinden,  p.  232. 

7  First  reproduced.  Smith,  (g),  Fig.  2,  Plate  ix;  negative  no.  44.534,  S-ll,  taken  from  the 
west. 

8  Ibid.,  Fig.  1;  Negative  no.  44533,  8-10  as  viewed  from  the  nortli. 


122  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Yo\.  VI, 

its  shape  reminds  us  especially  of  the  human  form  in  antler  from  Tam])ic'o. 
The  general  shape  of  the  body  and  the  row  of  dots  on  each  side  edge  suggest 
a  resemblance  to  the  quill  flattener  made  of  antler  from  the  Dakota  shown 
in  Fig.   122.     On  each  side  are  human  heads,  each  with  a  similar  feather 
headdress  that  might  be  interpreted  as  rising  suns  with  eyes  and  mouths. 
On  the  left  are  some  similar  figures  without  eyes  and  mouths.     Below,  is  a 
horizontal  figure  resembling  five  links  of  a  chain.     There  is  also  a  goat  which 
resembles  the  two  pecked  in  a  granite  boulder  near  Buffalo  Rock  in  the 
Nez  Perce  area,  eighteen  miles  above  Lewiston  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Snake  River.'     The  star  at  the  bottom,  the  rays  of  which  end  in  dots,  a 
small  oval  witli  radiating  lines  at  the  left,  and  two  connected  ovals  with 
radiating  lines  at  the  top,  remind  us  of  the  stars  at  Selah  Canon,  shown  in 
Fig.  1,  Plate  xii,  the  petroglyphs  near  Wallula  Junction,  shown  in  Fig.  2, 
Plate  XIII,  somewhat  similar  figures  on  the  large  ])etroglyph  at  Nanaimo  - 
and  perhaps  even  more  than  of  the  Nanaimo  figures,  those  in  the  petro- 
glyphs beyond  Nanaimo  at  Yellow  Island,  near  Comox.^     However,  the  two 
connected  ovals  with  the  radiating  lines  may  represent  hands  of  a  human 
figure  with  a  headdress  having  radiating  feathers.     All  of  these  headdresses 
remind  us  of  the  others  at  this  place  shown  in  Fig.  1,  the  rising  suns  at  Selah 
Canon  next  described,  the  pictographs  at  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek,  and 
the  incised  human  form  in  antler. 

In  Plate  XII  and  Fig.  1,  Plate  xiil  are  shown  petrogly])hs  whidi  appear 
fresher  and  whiter  or  yellower  than  the  naturally  weathered  reddish  basaltic 
columns  into  which  they  are  pecked.  They  are  on  the  north  side  of  Selah 
Canon  about  one  and  a  half  miles  from  the  Yakima  River  at  a  point  about  a 
mile  north  of  Selah  station  or  one  half  a  mile  south  of  the  intake  of  the 
Moxee  Canal.  It  is  ab(;ut  twenty-five  miles  west  southwest  of  Sentinal 
Bluffs,  eight  northeast  from  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek  and  twenty-two 
miles  northeast  from  Tampico.  They  are  more  easily  made  out  from  a 
distance  than  close  l)y. 

The  i)etrogly])h  shown  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  xii,  is  the  most  northeasterly  of 
the  group.  This  seems  to  be  made  up  of  circles  with  a  dot  in  the  middle  and 
radiating  lines,  some  of  which  end  in  dots.  They  remind  us  of  some  of  the 
same  series  of  figures  as  the  oval  with  radiating  lines  at  Priest  Rapids.^ 

The  one  shown  in  Fig.  2,  is  about  eight  feet  to  the  southwest  and  a  lilllc 
lower  down.     The  upper  part  of  the  left  figure  and  the  two  main  parts  on 


'   Spindcii,  FiK.  4,  Plate  x. 
=  Smith,  (b),  Plate  xi 
•»  Ibid.,  Fig.  11.5. 

*  Museum  negative  no.  44463,  2-12  from  tlie  east   aii'l   fioiii  a  greater  (lisl;i!icc,  showing 
its  relation  to  the  next  in  negative  catalogue  no.  44462,  2-11. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  123 

the  right,  each  consisting  of  a  curve  with  short  radiating  lines  like  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  rising  sun,  may  be  compared  with  the  top  of  the  petroglyph 
on  the  rocks  a  few  feet  to  the  southwest  shown  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  xiii,  next 
described,  and  with  some  of  those  at  Sentinal  Bluffs,  shown  in  Plate  xi; 
also,  with  the  pictographs  at  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek. ^ 

The  petroglvph  shown  in  Fig.  1,  Plate  xiii,  is  a  few  feet  southwest  of 
those  shown  in  Plate  xii,  taken  from  the  south.  The  segment  with  radiat- 
ing lines  like  the  rising  sun  at  the  top  reminds  us  of  similar  figures  among  the 
other  petroglyphs  here  just  described,  those  at  Sentinal  Bluffs  and  picto- 
graphs at  the  mouth  of  Cowiche  Creek,  but  the  other  lines  are  not  interpreted 
and  are  not  suggestive  to  us  of  other  figures  in  the  neighborhood.  A  small 
figure,  similar  in  that  it  consists  of  two  nearly  vertical  lines  crossing  each 
other  and  topped  by  a  curved  line,  shows  very  faintly  above,  a  little  to  the 
right. ^  A  design  similar  to  the  part  of  some  of  these  pictures  interpreted  as 
representing  a  headdress  was  also  found  pecked  in  the  surface  of  the  grooved 
net  sinker  shown  in  Fig.  14. 

The  petroglyph  shown  in  Fig.  2,   Plate  xin,  is  pecked  on  the  top  of  a 
rock  which  projects  about  three  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  near 
mile  post  209  between  it  and  210  above  the  Spokane  branch  of  the  O.  R.  &  N. 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Columbia  Kiver  about  four  miles  west  of  Wallula 
Junction  and  is  here  illustrated  as  one  twentieth  of  the  natural  size,  from 
a  tracing  made  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Newell,  of  Portland,  assistant  chief  engineer 
on  that  road.     We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  W.  E.  Elliott  of  New  York  City, 
formerly  engineer  with  INIr.  Newell  for  permission  to  copy  this  tracing.^ 
The  top  of  the  rock  forms  an  east  and  west  ridge.     The  pecked  grooves  are 
all  of  about  equal  depth  and  there  are  no  other  petroglyphs  on  the  rock. 
The  large  figure  at  the  left  reminds  us  of  the  dog-like  figures  with  "spines" 
in  the  petroglyphs  at  Nanaimo,^  on  Vancouver  Island,  especially  as  it  has 
waved  parallel  lines,  a  fin  or  "spine"  and  two  concentric  curves  at  the  top 
similar  in  shape  to  the  lines  indicating  the  back  of  the  head  and  the  mouth 
of  the  Nanaimo  figure.     This  is  less  suggestive  of  certain  harpoon  ])oints 
that  are  incised  ap])arently  to  represent  fish  found  in  the  main  shell  heap  in 
the  Eraser  Delta  at  Eburne^  although  Eburne  is  nearer  than  Nanaimo  and 
en  route,  and  although  these  harpoon  points  hnve  parallel  lines,  a  fin-like 
projection  and  two  lines  representative  of  the  back  of  the  head  or  check  and 

1  Represented  in  Museum,  with  the  one  shown  in  Fig.  1,  by  negative  no.  44462,  2-11  and 
from  a  nearer  point  as  shown  in  this  figure  in  negative  no.  44476.  4-1. 

^  Museum  negative  no.  44477.  4-2,  is  also  represented  from  a  greater  distanee  in  negative 
no.  44478,  4-3. 

3  Museum  negative  no.  45696. 

*  Smith,  (b),  Fig.  117a  and  Plate  xi. 

5  Smith,  (a).  Fig.  52. 


12-i  Anthropological  Papers  Americioi   Muse  an  of  Xnfiudl  Ilistonj.    [\'ol.  VI, 

the  mouth.  The  small  circles  some  with  lines  radiatinij;  from  them,  remind 
us  of  similar  marks  on  the  same  large  petroglyph  at  Nanaimo  and  even  more 
so  of  the  petrogl_vi)hs  beyond  Nanaimo  at  Yellow  Island  near  Comox.^ 
The  large  figure  on  the  right  reminds  us  of  the  humin  form  of  the  petroglyph 
at  Nanaimo.- 

I  am  inforuicd  by  Mr.  Owen  that  there  is  a  petroglyph  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Columbia  River  below  Kennewick  and  that  it  has  been  destroyed  by 
recent  railroad  construction;  by  Mr.  W.  H.  ^Yillcox  of  North  Yakima  that 
there  are  petroglyphs  or  pictographs  on  the  rocks  ten  miles  st)uth  of  Wen- 
atchee  on  the  western  side  of  the  Columbia  River;  and  by  Prof.  Mark 
Harrington  that  it  is  said  that  there  are  "engravings"  on  the  cliffs  o\erhang- 
ing  Lake  Chelan.  ^Nfallery  ^  refers  to  etchings  at  the  lower  end  of  Lake 
Chelan  but  his  information  seems  to  refer  to  painted  figures  only  (See  p.  120). 
The  late  Prof.  Israel  C.  Russell  informed  me  that  there  are  etchings  close 
to  the  river  on  both  sides  in  the  Snake  Canon  at  Buffalo  Rock  in  the  extreme 
southeast  corner  of  the  state  of  ^^'ashington.^ 

Incised  Desic/ns.  Among  the  designs  incised  on  stone,  attention  may  be 
called  to  the  top  of  the  pestle  made  of  steatite  shown  in  Fig.  35,  which  bears 
two  parallel  longitudinal  incisions  and  notches,  ten  on  the  left  and  eleven 
on  the  right  of  each  side  edge  of  the  obverse.  There  are  fifteen  fine  incisions 
running  oblicjuely  down  from  the  notches  on  the  left  to  the  first  longitudinal 
incision.  They  begin  at  the  eighth  notch  from  the  bottom  and  extend  to  the 
lower  notch.  On  the  reverse  are  three  longitudinal  incisions  a])])arently 
more  recently  made,  and  eleven  notches  on  each  side  edge.  This  incised 
knob  is  said  by  the  Indians  to  represent  the  head  of  a  snake.  On  the 
reverse  of  the  steatite  object,  possibly  a  raat-presser,  shown  in  Fig.  59a,  is 
an  incised  pictographic  sketch  which  inifortvmately,  with  the  exception 
of  the  nine  short  lines  above,  was  re-scratched  by  its  owucm-.  It  is  rejjro- 
fluccd  in  Fig.  5Ul).  Th(>  first  figure  beginning  at  the  left  ])ossibly  represents 
a  tree.  The  middle  figure  has  not  been  identified  but  it  is  clear  that  tlu^  one 
on  the  right  represents  a  human  being.  On  the  left  of  the  groove  in  the 
object  are  incised  two  hands  jiointing  towards  the  left.  These  also  were 
re-cut  and  are  not  rc[)r(  duccd  in  Fig.  5iK  'l"he  incision  in  the  edge  of  the 
top  of  the  club  shown  in  Fig.  (32  and  the  incisions  at  right  angles  to  tliis  were 
probably  intended  I'of  decorative  pur|)oses.  '^I'here  is  an  incised  design  on 
the  rounded  surface  of  the  saddle-shaped  hollow  of  the  ehib  shown  in  Fig.  64. 
"^I'liis  design  is  made  of  transverse  notches  above  and  a  zigzag  line  below. 


'   Smith,  (li),  FiR.  115. 

2  Ibid.,  Fig.  117a. 

3  Mallery,  p.  26. 

*  Cf.  Spindcn,  Fiirs,  4  aiirl  .5,  Plate  x. 


1910.] 


Smitli,   The   Yakima   Valley. 


125 


The  upper  part  of  the  right  edge  of  this  knob  is  flat  with  two  incisions  across 

it.     Incised  Hnes  arranged  parallel  to  each  other  in  rows  may  be  seen  on  the 

handle  and  knob  of  the  club  shown  in  Fig.  68. 

There  are  thirteen  of  these  lines  on  either  edge 

of  the  knob.     The  other  incisions  are  arranged 

in  four  vertical  rows  on  the  handle.     The  lines 

on  the  top  of  the  shell  pendant  shown  in  P^'ig.  88 

may  be  merely  the  depths  of  the  teeth  rather 

than  incisions  artificially  made,  but  in  this  case 

they  may  have  been  considered  as  decorative 

and   the   shell    may   even    have   been  chosen 

because  of  these  lines.     There  are  nine  incised 

lines   on   the   bone    tube   shown   in   Fig.    98. 

These  run  around  it  in  a  spiral  direction  in 

such  a  way  that  the  lower  end  of  each  line  is 

on  the  opposite  side  from  the  upper  end. 

Tho  three  transverse  incisions  on  the  top  of 
the  steatite  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  99  may  be 
for  decorative  purposes  or  merely  as  tallies  as 
also  the  five  small  drilled  pits  arranged  about 
€qui-distant  from  each  other  around  the  top 
and  the  four  similarly  arranged  near  the 
bottom. 

The  oblique  incised  lines  on  the  edge  of  the 
mouthpiece  and  on  the  ridge  about  the  middle 
of  the  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  100,  which  slant 
outward  from  left  to  right  at  an  angle  of  about 
45°  and  make  the  ridge  at  least  suggest  a 
twisted  cord,  were  no  doubt  made  for  deco- 
rative pur]>oses.  Pictographic  scratches  may 
be  seen  on  the  disk-shaped  stone  pipe,  shown 
in  Fig.  107.     Those  on  the  reverse  are  shown 

in  Fig.  115.  A  simple  geometric  incised  line  decoration  on  wood  may  be 
seen  on  a  fragment  of  a  bow  shown  in  Fig.  111.  It  will  he  remembered  that 
parallel  irregularly  arranged  cuneiform  incisions  decorated  a  fragment  of  a 
boAv  found  in  the  Thom])son  River  region.'  The  incised  design  on  the 
stone  dish  previously  mentioned  on  p.  38  and  shown  in  Fig.  116  consists 
of  two  horizontal  incisions  running  around  the  ui:)per  ])art  of  llic  dish  a 
little  below  its  middle  and  a  zigzag  line  uiadr  up  of  twenty-five  V-shnpcd 
marks  which  fills  the  space  between  th(>  flat  rim  of  this  dish  and  the  ui)per 
horizontal  line. 


Fig.  114  a  (202-8159).  Incised 
Design  on  a  Fragment  of  a 
Wooden  Bow.  From  grave  No. 
10  (5)  in  a  rock-slide  near  tlie 
mouth  of  Naches  River,  i  nat. 
size.  6  Section  of  Fragment  of 
Bow  shown  in  a. 


1  Smith,  (c).  p.  411. 


126 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Historij.    [Vol.  YI, 


Incised  designs  on  dentalium  shells  are  shown  in  Figs.  117  and  118.  The 
first  four  were  found  under  the  skeleton  in  grave  No.  25.  This  skeleton  was 
of  a  child  and  was  surrounded  by  a  stone  cyst  buried  in  a  dome  of  volcanic 

ash  near  Tampico,  as  shown  in  Plate  x.  This  lot 
contained  two  shells  ornamented  with  designs  of  the 
type  shown  in  n,  but  in  the  one  not  figured  the  diamond 
points  met  and  formed  a  checker  pattern.  There  were 
four  of  the  type  shown  in  h,  one  of  the  type  shown  in 
c,  and  two  like  the  type  shown  in  d.  The  specimens 
shown  in  Fig.  118  were  found  among  broken  and 
charred  human  bones  of  about  twelve  individuals  in 
cremation  circle  No.  15  (10)  on  the  terrace  northwest 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River.  While  there  was 
only  one  specimen  of  the  type  shown  in  a,  there  were  two  of  the  type  shown 
in  /;,  and  one  like  the  four  represented  by  Fig.  117b.     Another  cremation 


Fig.  115.  Incised 
Design  on  Bowl  of 
Pipe  shown  in  Fig. 
107.     i  nat.  size. 


Fig.  116.     Incised  Design  on  Stone  Dish.     From  Priest  Rapids,     i  nat.  size.     (Drawn 
from  photograph  44537,  9-3.     Original  in  tlie  collection  of  Mrs.  Hinman.) 

circle  containing  incised  dentalium  shells  is  known  as  No.  18  (13)  and  was 
located  on  the  same  terrace.     The  specimens  are  mere  fragments,  one  of 


b. 


Fig.  li; 


Fig.  118. 


Fig.  117  (202-8193).  Incised  Designs  on  Dentaliiun  Shells.  From  under  the  skeleton  in 
grave  No.  25  of  a  chilil  in  a  stone  cyst  in  dome  of  volcanic  ash  near  Tampico.     Nat .  size. 

Fig.  118  (202-8178).  Incised  Designs  on  Dentalium  Shells.  From  among  brolLea  and 
charred  hiunan  bones  of  about  twelve  individvials  in  cremation  circle  No.  15  (10)  on  terrace 
northwest  of  the  junction  of  the  Naches  and  Yakima  Rivers. 


1910] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


127 


them,  from  the  tip  of  the  shell,  bears  a  design  similar  to  that  shown  in 
Fig.  117b,  the  other  bears  a  simple  incised  spiral,  the  space  between  one 
incision  and  another  being  about  equal  to  the  width  of  the  incision  itself. 
The  character  of  both  the  technic[iie  and  the  motive  of  these  designs  resem- 
bles that  of  those  found  on  similar  shells  at  Kamloops  in  the  Thompson 
River  region  ^  and  in  the  Nez  Perce  area  to  the  east.-  The  design  shown 
in  Fig.  117a  at  least  reminds  us  of  paintings  on  the  parfleches  found  among 
the  modern  Sahaptin  and  Plains  tribes. 

The  incised  design  on  the  pendant  made  of  steatite  (p.  94,  Fig.  119) 
does  not  seem  to  differ  greatly  in  technique  or  motive  from  other  incised 
designs  found  in  this  area  and  in  the  Thompson  River  region  to  the  north. 


Fig.  119.  Incised  Pendant  made  of  Steatite  with  Red  Paint  (Mercury)  in  some  of  the 
Holes  and  Lines.  From  manubrium  of  adult  male  skeleton  in  grave  covered  with  rocks  on  a 
low  ridge  about  two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Fort  Simcoe.  Nat.  size.  (Original  in  the  collec- 
tion of  Mrs.  Lynch.) 


.While  most  of  the  lines  and  pits  can  be  considered  as  forming  symmetrical 
or  geometric  designs,  the  central  figure  on  the  side  shown  in  Fig.  119b  may 
be  interpreted  as  a  conventional  representation  of  a  life  form,  namely,  a 
fish.     Red  paint  is  rubbed  into  some  of  the  lines  and  ])its. 

The  human  figure  described  under  costume  (p.  100,  Fig.  121)  is  a  some- 
what conventionalized  realistic  form  indicated  by  incisions  on  one  surface 
of  a  piece  of  antler  2  to  5  mm.  thick.-'  It  was  found  in  the  grave  of  an 
infant  under  the  vertebrae,  No.  25  in  a  dome  of  volcanic  ash.  It  is  of 
good  technique  and  artistic  execution.     The  eyes  are  of  the  shape  of  a  par- 

1  Smith,  (c),  Fig.  369. 

2  Spinden,  p.  181  and  Plate  ix,  Fig.  15. 

3  First  described  and  figured,  Smith,  (g).  See  also  abstract  in  Scientific  American  Supple- 
ment pp.  23876-8,  Vol.  LVIII,  No.  1490,  .July  23,  1904  and  in  Records  of  the  Past,  1.  c;  The 
Saturday  Evening  Post,  Sept.  10,  1904  and  tlie  Washington  Magazine. 


128  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Illxtunj.    [WA.  W, 

allelograra  with  rounded  corners.  These,  with  similarly  slia])ed  figures  on 
the  headdress  or  inner  hair-rolls,  and  on  the  hands,  knees,  and  insteps, 
slightly  resemble  a  motive  common  in  the  art  of  the  coast  to  the  northwest. 
The  crescent-shaped  mouth  and  thick  lips  are  indicated  by  incised  lines, 
while  the  cheeks  are  full,  and  the  entire  head  is  somewhat  set  out  in  relief 
from  the  rest  of  the  object.  The  radiating  figures  above  the  head  do  not 
represent  feathers  in  a  realistic  way,  but  closely  resemble  the  conventional 
paintings  made  by  the  Dakota  on  buffalo  robes.  These  paintings  have 
been  called  sun  symbols,  but  are  interpreted  by  the  Dakota  as  the  feathers 
of  a  war- bonnet  or  other  headdress.  The  fingers  and  thumb  are  set  off 
from  the  ]ialm  by  two  lines,  which,  with  the  mark  at  the  wrist,  make  a 
figure  resembling  the  eye-form  so  common  in  Northwest  coast  art.  The 
concentric  design  on  the  knees  is  probably  related  to  the  wheel,  sun,  or 
spider-web  pattern  common  as  a  symbol  on  the  shirts,  blankets,  and  tents 
of  some  Plains  tribes.  The  feet  jutting  out  at  the  sides  are  slightly  wider 
than  the  legs.  The  inside  of  the  foot  is  straight  with  the  inside  of  the  leg, 
while  the  outer  part  is  curved.  The  two,  taken  together  with  the  lower 
portion  of  the  legs,  resemble  a  divided  hoof.  The  divided  hoof  is  a  com- 
mon design  among  Plains  tribes. 

There  are  only  two  specimens,  of  which  1  am  aware,  that  resemble  this. 
One  (T-22107,  177  H)  consists  of  seven  fragments  of  a  thin  piece  of  antler 
found  by  Mrs.  James  Terry  at  Umatilla,  Oregon,  only  about  83  miles  in  a 
southerly  direction  from  Tampico.  The  back  of  this  specimen  is  largely 
disintegrated,  except  on  the  two  dog  heads,  and  these  being  only  about  5 
nmi.  thick  suggest  that  the  whole  figure  was  thin.  The  carving  (Fig.  123) 
is  in  much  greater  relief  than  in  the  specimen  from  Tampico,  although  some 
of  the  lines  are  merely  incisions.  The  tongue  ])r()jects  betwecMi,  but  not 
beyond,  the  li])s.  The  cheeks  are  raised  and  there  is  considerable  character 
to  the  face.  The  nose  is  aquiline  and  narrow,  but  the  al?p  are  indicated. 
The  orbits  are  sunken  and  horizontal  oblong  ]>its  evidently  indicate  the  eyes. 
The  eyebrows  are  raised.  Two  hoi'izontal  incisions  extend  across  the  brow. 
Below  the  chin,  at  the  left,  are  four  incisions  in  a  raised  ])iece.  This  seems 
to  n'|)rr,sciit  a  liaiid  held  with  the  fingers  to  the  neck.  A  similar  hand  was 
prolnd)ly  at  the  right.  A  foot,  with  four  toes  in  rclicl'  projecting  above  the 
brow  as  high  as  do  the  eyel)rows,  rests  inmicdiatcly  al)ov(>  the  U|)per  horizon- 
tal incision  and  a])parently  indicates  that  some  animal,  jiossibly  a  l)ird, 
stood  Upon  the  human  head.  The  fragment,  howevci',  is  not  sufHciently 
large  to  settle  these  points.  Two  of  the  other  fragments  arc  api»arently 
intended  to  re])resent  the  heads  of  dogs.  The  eyes  are  indicated  by  the 
common  circle  and  dot  design;  while  the  no>trils  in  one  arc  rc|)resented  by 
drilled  dots.     The  shape  of  the  heads  is  brought  out  by  the  cai-\ing  of  the 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  129 

edge  of  the  object.  The  fragments  are  broken  off  at  the  neck,  and  the 
lower  side  of  each  shows  the  finished  surface  of  the  back  of  the  object.  The 
remaining  fragments  show  little  or  nothing.  The  animal  heads  and  the 
feet  and  hands  suggest  the  possibility  that  in  some  cases  animal  forms  were 
combined  in  such  figures,  as  on  the  Northwest  Coast,  although  the  general 
style  of  art  of  the  object  is  like  neither  Haida  nor  Kwakiutl  work,  but  more 
like  the  carvings  of  Puget  Sound  and  the  lower  Columbia  River.  The  fact 
that  the  carving  of  this  face  is  more  in  relief  helps  to  explain  the  intent  of 
the  author  of  the  Tampico  specimen. 

The  other  specimen  (50-3110  a,  b,  c)  is  a  quill-flattener,  made  of  antler 
(Fig.  122).  It  was  obtained  by  Dr.  Clark  Wissler  from  the  Dakota  at  Pine 
Ridge,  South  Dakota,  who  also  made  reference  to  other  objects  of  the  same 
sort  among  the  tribe.  Porcupine  quills  were  flattened  on  it  with  the  thumb 
nail  until  after  it  had  been  broken,  when  the  lower  or  pointed  end  had  been 
used  as  a  brush  in  applying  color  to  form  designs  on  various  articles  made 
of  buckskin.  This  end  is  stained  a  deep  red  and  the  point  is  much  worn. 
The  object,  in  general,  resembles  in  shape  and  size  the  specimen  from 
Tampico.  Its  sides  are  somewhat  thinner  and  sharper.  The  slight  indi- 
cations of  hair  or  headdress,  the  deeply  cut  eyes  and  mouth  in  the  concave 
side,  the  holes  or  ears  at  the  sides  of  the  head,  and  the  method  fo  indicating 
the  arms  by  slits,  setting  them  off,  from  the  body,  are  all  details  which 
emphasize  this  general  resemblance.  The  technical  work  is  about  as  good 
as  that  of  the  Tampico  specimen,  but  the  art  work  is  inferior.  One  edge 
of  the  convex  or  outer  surface  of  the  bone  has  twenty-five  notches,  and  in 
each  tooth  left  between  them,  as  well  as  above  the  top  one,  is  a  small  drilled 
dot.  Some  of  the  notches  on  the  other  side  are  broken  away  with  the  arm, 
which  is  missing.  On  the  same  surface  are  twenty-six  horizontal  incisions, 
which  were  interpreted  as  year  counts.  The  general  shape  of  the  body  and 
the  rows  of  dots  are  similar  to  those  of  the  figure  pecked  on  the  cliff  at  Semi- 
nal Bluffs  (Plate  xi.  Fig.  2). 

The  Tami)ico  specimen  may  have  developed  from  a  quill-flattener,  \\hich 
implement  was  probably  of  common  and  characteristic  use  among  Indian 
mothers,  not  only  of  the  Plains  but  also  as  far  west  as  Tampico.  If  the 
result  of  such  a  development,  it  had  probably  lost  its  domestic  use  and 
become  entirely  symbolic. 

Mr.  Teit  has  heard  the  Thom])son  Indians  speak  of  figures  carved  by 
.some  men  in  their  spare  time,  and  valued  highly  as  curiosities  and  works  of 
art.  They  had  no  practical  \aluc,  and  were  generally  used  as  ornaments 
inside  the  house.  They  were  in  wood,  bark,  stone  and  antler,  more  generally 
in  the  last  three,  and  usually  represented  the  human  figure.  Although  the 
Indians  aver  that  tlic\-  were  sometimes  verv  eliilioiatdv  and  truthfullv  carved, 


130  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Nahadl  Ilidnrij.    [\'ol.  VI, 

it  is  iinj)ossible  to  say,  in  the  absence  of  a  good  specimen  from  the  Thompson 
Indians  whether  there  was  any  resemblance  in  style  to  that  of  tliis  figure. 
The  Thompson  sometimes,  ])laced  such  figures  on  the  tops  of  houses,  but  the 
great  majority  were  shown  inside  the  houses.  The  Indian  who  made  the 
one  illustrated  ^  told  Mr.  Teit  that  he  had  seen  some  of  larger  size  which 
had  taken  a  carver's  spare  time  for  many  months. 

The  headdress  seems  to  be  a  so-called  war-bonnet,  and  would  indicate 
that  the  figure  was  that  of  an  important  personage;  perhaps  a  suggestion  of 
what  had  been  hoped  for  the  child's  position  in  the  tribe  or  after  death. 
The  arms,  body,  legs,  and  feet  are  apparently  bare  and  ornamented  with 
ceremonial  paintings,  \\hile  about  the  waist  is  an  apron.  The  whole  object 
seems  of  a  rather  high  order  of  art  to  be  a  mere  child's  doll,  and  it  would 
seem  more  plausible  to  consider  it  as  an  emblematical  figure.  The  general 
style  of  art  and  costume  indicated  show  Httle  or  no  resemblance  to  those  of 
the  Northwest  Coast,  but  a  strong  relationship  to  those  of  the  Plains. 

There  are  some  incised  lines  on  the  ])i])e  shown  in  Fig.  127.  Those  on 
the  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  104  are  described  on  p.  131.  In  the  Nez  Perce 
region,  according  to  Spinden,  incised  designs,  some  of  them  of  a  picto- 
graphic  character  and  probably  modern  are  found  on  pipes,  and  designs  of 
ladder  sha]5e  are  found  on  a  flat  i)lummet-shaped  bone  object.^ 

Notches.  The  notch  in  the  base  of  the  spatulate  object  made  of  bone 
shown  in  Fig.  58  and  the  two  notches  in  each' side  of  the  base  may  be  for 
practical  purposes  but  were  probably  intended  to  be  artistic,  while  the  six 
notches  in  the  edge  of  the  pendant  made  of  slate  shown  in  Fig.  81  j)robably 
also  have  been  intended  for  decoration  or  even  to  make  the  object  represent 
something  although  possibly  the  r(>i)rescntation  may  be  rather  conventional. 

In  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east,-^  a  notched  stone  has  been  found  near 
Asotin  and  notdies  occur  as  decorations  on  objects  found  in  the  Tli()iii])son 
River  region  to  the  north,  but,  of  this  type,  they  are  rare  if  not  absent  among 
archaeological  finds  on  the  coast  to  the  west  from  Fort  Ivupcrt  on  northern 
Vancouver  Island  to  Tacoma. 

Circle  and  Dot  Designs.  The  circle  and  dot  design  is  commonly  found 
in  this  region.  It  may  be  seen  on  the  toj)  of  the  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  30. 
There  is  one  of  these  designs  in  the  tip  and  eleven  about  equi-  distant  in  a  row- 
around  the  edge  of  the  knob.  In  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  tiie  east^  the 
design  is  found  on  lioiic  gambling  pieces.  Further  east,  this  design  is  also 
found.     This  motive  nuiy  be  seen  around  the  top  of  the  bowl  on  a  pipe 

1  Teit,  (a),  p.  376,  Fip.  297. 

2  Spinden,  p.  188  and  Plate  vii,  Fig.  31. 

3  Ibid,  p.  183,  Plate  ix,  Fig.  3. 

■>  Spinden,  p.  252,  Plate  vii.  Fig.  30. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  131 

(50-4867a,  b)  from  the  Gros  Ventre  Indians  of  Montana  collected  by  Dr. 
Clark  Wissler,  which,  however,  is  considered  to  be  recent.  To  the  west, 
it  is  not  found  among  ancient  things  on  the  coast  but  among  recent  objects 
it  may  be  seen  on  certain  bone  gambling  cylinders  and  on  beaver  teeth  used 
for  dice.  The  design  is  common  in  the  Thompson  River  region  ^  and  the 
Lillooet  Valley  between  there  and  the  coast."  It  is  perhaps  even  more 
frequently  seen  on  the  modern  things  among  the  Thompson  River  Indians  ^ 
who  often  visit  Lhe  Okanogan  country. 

The  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  104  was  secured  from  an  Indian  who  is  known  to 
have  frequently  visited  the  Okanogan  area  so  that  if  he  did  not  bring  the 
})ipe  from  there,  he  may  at  least  have  gotten  the  idea  for  this  style  of  decora- 
tion there.  This  suggests  an  explanation  for  the  occurrence  of  the  circle 
and  dot  design  on  what  are  ai)i)arently  older  specimens  from  the  Yakima 
country.  On  the  lower  end  of  this  specimen  is  a  design  made  up  of  a  zigzag 
line  based  upon  an  incision  running  around  where  the  stem  meets  the  bowl. 
The  five  triangles  thus  formed  are  nearly  etiuilateral  and  there  is  a  circle 
and  dot  design  in  each.  Other  circles  and  dots  are  arranged  in  seven 
equi- distant  longitudinal  pairs  about  the  middle  of  the  bowl.  In  addition, 
parallel  to  these,  and  between  two  of  the  pairs,  there  is  a  double-headed 
figure  each  end  of  which  resembles  the  form  of  a  crude  fleur-de-lis.  All  of 
the  incisions  on  this  pipe  are  colored  with  red  paint.  The  circle  and  dot 
design  may  be  seen  on  the  Hmestone  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  106.  There  is  one 
circle  and  dot  on  the  tip  of  the  base,  encircling  this  is  a  row  of  eight  of  them 
and  outside  of  this  still  another  circle  of  nine.  Around  the  opening  for  the 
stem  is  a  circle  made  up  of  eight,  around  the  mouth  of  the  bowl  are  ten  and 
between  the  circle  around  the  bowl  and  the  one  around  the  stem  are  three 
of  the  circles  and  dots.  A  typical  circle  and  dot  decoration  is  shown  in  Fig. 
120  of  what,  as  stated  on  p.  65,  may  possibly  have  been  used  as  a  whetstone. 
The  object  is  made  of  slate  and  the  top  is  broken  off.  It  is  142  mm.  long, 
18  mm.  Avide  and  6  mm.  thick.  The  lower  end  and  side  edges  arc  rounded. 
On  the  reverse,  the  design  is  similar  except  that  it  is  continued  upward  by 
three  circles  and  dots  arranged  in  the  same  order  as  the  ui^permost  three  on 
the  obverse  and  that  there  are  several  slightly  incised  marks  on  it,  one  of 
which,  of  X  form,  makes  a  tangent  and  a  cord  with  the  next  to  the  lower 
circle  and  dot.  All  the  circles  and  dots  are  filled  with  red  paint.  There 
are  twelve  incisions,  possibly  tally  marks,  on  one  side  edge  near  the  point. 
The  original  is  in  the  collection  of  ^Ir.  Janeck.* 


1  Smith,  (c),  Fig.  378;    (d),  Fig.  109. 

2  Teit,  (b),  Fig.  92. 

3  Teit,  (a),  Figs.  118  and  210. 

••  Museum  nogative  no.  44.503,  6-4. 


132  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xaiural  llldorij.    [\o\.  \l, 

The  symmetrical  aiTano;ement  of  the  perforations  and  the  pits  on  both 
sides  of  the  object  show  n  in  Fi(>;.  77  was  no  doubt  due  to  artistic  motives. 

Pecked  Grooves.  Some  designs  were  made  by  pecking  grooves  in  stone. 
Part  of  these,  those  forming  petroglyphs,  have  been  mentioned  on  p.  121  and 
are  shown  in  Phites  xi-xiii.  The  ui)per  portion  of  the  marking  on  the 
grooved  stone  shown  in  Fig.  14  is  made  in  this  way.  It  may  represent  a 
feather  headdress,  such  as  is  mentioned  on  p.  119  and  such  as  is  so  common 
in  the  pictographs  as  well  as  in  the  petroglyphs.  The  design  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  same  object  was  formed  in  the  same  way  and  on  the  obverse  of 
the  net  sinker  shown  in  Fig.  15  are  pecked  grooves  forming  three  concentric 
semi-circles  on  each  side  of  the  groove  and  nearly  parallel  with  the  edges  of 
the  object.  Taken  together,  they  give  the  suggestion  of  a  spiral.  There 
are  three  pecked  grooves  encircling  the  stone  mortar  shown  in  Fig.  20  and  two 
around  the  head  of  the  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  25.  On  each  side  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  31  is  a  longitudinal  design  made  up  of  four 
parallel  zigzag  pecked  grooves.  The  two  pecked  grooves  at  right  angles  to 
each  other  on  the  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  60  while  they  are  probably  made  for 
use  may  have  been  interpreted  as  decorative  or  artistic.  This  may  also  be 
said  of  the  three  pecked  grooves  at  right  angles  to  each  other  on  the  club- 
head  shown  in  Fig.  (51,  and  it  seems  likely  that  the  eight  pecked  pits  made 
in  the  middle  of  the  spaces  between  these  grooves  and  possibly  even  the  two 
pits  at  either  pole  of  the  object  were  intended  to  embellish  it.  Pecking  was 
also  the  process  employed  in  forming  the  sculpture  shown  in  Fig.  125.  The 
four  pyramidal  or  dome-shaped  nij>])les  on  the  top  of  the  knob  of  a  pestle 
found  at  Five  Mile  llaj)ids  mentioned  on  p.  45  were  probably  made  by  peck- 
ing, followed  by  jjolishing  and  they  may  have  served  a  ceremonial  as  well 
as  a  decorative  purpose. 

Animal  and  Human  Forms.  There  are  a  number  of  sculptures  that 
apparently  were  intended  to  represent  heads  of  animals,  whole  animals  and 
human  forms.  The  top  of  the  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  '.M  is  sculptured  to 
represent  what  is  apparently  an  animal  head.  The  to])  of  tiie  one  shown 
in  Fig.  33  has  three  nipples  one  of  whicli  is  longer  than  the  others.  This 
sculpture  also  seems  to  represent  an  animal  head,  the  e;irs  being  indicated 
by  the  short  nipples  and  the  nose  by  the  long  one.  The  toj)  of  the  pestle 
show^n  in  Fig.  34  aj)j)arently  represents  an  animal  head,  the  mouth  being 
indicated  by  the  groove,  each  eye  by  a  pit  and  there  are  f(»ur  incisions  across 
the  to])  or  b;i(k  of  the  licad.  A  sculptured  animal  head,  with  wide  o])en 
moutli,  ])its  for  eyes,  and  projections  for  cars  on  w  hat  may  be  a  pestl(>  top, 
•has  been  found  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  e;ist  '  and  pestles  witli  heads 

1  Spinden,  Plate  ix,  Fig.  19. 


1910.] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


133 


Fig.  121. 


Fife.   ]2.3. 


0\ 


'~^U 


Fig.   122. 


FiK.   120. 


Fig.  120.  Circle  uiul  Dot  Design  on  Wliotstoiie  nuuJe  of  l^liiti'.  I'roni  the  Yakima  Valley, 
i  nat.  size.     (Drawn  from  photograpli  44503,  6-4.     Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.) 

Fig.  121  (202-8191).  Costumed  Human  Figure  made  of  Antler.  From  grave  No.  25  of  a 
child  in  dome  of  volcanic  ash  near  Tampico.     i  nat.  size. 

Fig.  122  (50-31 10a,  b,  c).  Quill-flatteiier  made  of  .\ntlor.  From  the  Dakota  at  Pine 
Ridge,  South  Dakota,     i  nat.  size.     (Collected  by  Dr.  Clark  Wissler. ) 

Fig.  123  (T-22107,  H-177).  Fragments  of  a  Figure  made  of  Antler.  From  Umatilla, 
Oregon.     J  nat.  size.      (Collected  by  Mrs.  James  Terry.) 


134  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 


are  found  in  the  Thompsou  River  area  to  the  north. ^  Tiie  knob  shown 
in  Fig.  35  (p.  47)  is  interpreted  as  representing  a  snake's  head.  The 
heart-shaped  knob  on  the  top  of  the  ckib  shown  in  Fig.  68  resembks  the 

form  of  an  animal  head  and  stands  at  an  angle  of  .jbout 
45°  to  the  axis  of  the  club.  Two  of  the  incised  circles 
probably  represent  the  eyes.  The  top  of  the  handle  of 
a  digging  stick  made  of  horn  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
sheep,  shown  in  Fig.  126  is  sculptured  to  represent  an 
animal  head.  It  was  obtained  from  an  Indian  woman 
living  near  Union  Gap  below  Old  Yakima. 

Fig.  124  illustrates  a  fragment  of  sculpture  from 
Pasco.  It  is  hoof-shaped  and  is  here  reproduced  from 
a  sketch  of  the  original  in  the  collection  of  INIr.  Owen. 
The  sculptured  animal  form  made  of  lava  shown  in  Fig. 
125  which  was  mentioned  on  p.  38,  bears  a  mortar  or 
It  is  a  good  example  of  an  art  form  which  has  been 
specialized  so  that  it  may  be  used  or  at  least  so  that  the  useful  part  is  less 
prominent  than  the  animal  figure.     It   has   been  sculptured   by   pecking. 


Fig.  124.  Frag- 
ment of  a  Sculpture 
with  Hoof-like  part. 
From  Pasco.  ^  nat. 
size.  (Drawn  from  a 
sketch.  Original  in 
the  collection  of  Mr. 
Owen.) 

dish  in  its  back. 


Fig.  125.  Sculptured  Animal  Form  made  of  Lava.  From  an  Indian  who  cluiincd  to  have 
found  it  in  a  grave  on  the  Yakima  Reservation  two  miles  below  Union  Gap  below  Old  Yakima, 
i  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  photographs  44452,  2-1,  44455,  2-4,  and  44503,  6-4.  Original 
catalogue  No.  33  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Janeck.) 

The  raised  eyes  are  almond-siiapcd  ratlicr  than  elliptical,  and  the  ears  are 
indicated  by  raised  ]ilaces  on  the  transverse  ri(lg(^  at  the  top  of  the  head. 
The  mid-rib  or  dewlap  under   the  chin   is   about    (1  mm.    \\  ide   and  of  the 


1  Smith,  (c).  Fig.  341a;   Teit,  (a).  Fig.  295. 


1910.] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


135 


three  transverse  grooves  in  this,  only  the  upper  one  is  deep.  The  tail  is 
slightlv  under  cut.  The  grooves  are  all  more  or  less  colored  with  vermilion, 
api)arently  a  mineral  paint  and  consequently  sufficiently  lasting  so  that  we 
need  not  consider  even  the  painting  as  necessarily  modern.  The  general 
form  and  especially  the  four  elephantine  legs  remind 
us  of  a  somewhat  similar  animal  form  with  a  dish 
in  its  back  found  in  a  shell  heap  in  the  delta  of  the 
Fraser  River  ^  and  the  animal  form  with  the  dish  in 
its  back  resembles  slightly  carvings  found  in  the 
Lillooet  Valley  -  and  the  Thompson  River  region. 

The  pipe  made  of  steatite  shown  in  Fig.  128  ^ 
illustrates  the  modern  type  of  carving  in  soft,  easily 
cut  stone,  as  well  as  the  style  of  white  metal  inlaying 
employed  here  during  recent  years.  In  this  case, 
the  inlaying  is  nearly  bilaterally  symmetrical  as 
may  be  seen  by  comparing  Fig.  128a  with  the  out- 
lines in  c  and  d.  The  carving  is  not  symmetrical, 
the  human  form  holding  a  fish-like  form  appearing 
on  one  side  only,  while  the  rear  figure  evidently  rep- 
resents a  turtle  which  animal  is  found  in  the  valley. 
The  other  two  figures  are  not  easily  identified  but 
the  forward  one  perhaps  represents  a  dog,  the  white 
metal  inlay  on  it  possibly  representing  a  harness, 
but  as  likely  was  merely  for  decoration.  The  figure 
on  the  base  of  the  pipe  might  represent  a  lizard  or 
any  quadruped  with  a  long  tail.  This  form  and  the 
way  it  is  represented  as  clinging  to  the  cylindrical 
part  of  the  pipe  at  least  remind  us  of  similar  forms 
seen  on  totem  poles  in  the  region  from  Puget  Sound 

to  Victoria.^  The  technique  is  rather  crude  and  the  style  of  art  does  not 
closely  resemble  that  of  the  coast,  but  reminds  us  of  certain  sculptures 
found  on  pipes  and  on  the  carved  wooden  stems  of  pipes  in  the  Plains 
where  this  particular  shape  of  pipe  is  much  more  common  than  here. 

In  Fig.  105  is  illustrated  a  fragment  of  a  sculj)turcd  tubular  i)ipe  made 
from  steatite  by  cutting  or  scratching  and  drilling  the  soft  material  rnther 
than  by  pecking.  It  was  apparently  intended  to  represent  an  anthropoid 
form.     The  mouth  is  indicated  by  an  incision,  the  other  features  of  the  head 


Fig.  126  (202-8121). 
Handle  of  Digging  Stick 
made  of  Horn  of  Rocky 
Mountain  Slieep.  From 
an  Indian  woman  living 
near  Union  Gap  below 
Old  Yakima.     \  nat.  size. 


1  Smith,  (a),  Fig.  56. 

2  Teit,  (b),  Fig.  97. 

3  First  figured  on  p.  283,  Arcliaeology  of  tiie  Yakima  Valley  by  Harlan  I.  Sniitli,  Washing- 
ton Magazine,  June,  1906. 

*  Cf.  also  Smith,  (b),  Fig.  185a. 


136 


Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Histori/.    [\o\.  VI, 


are  more  difficult  to  determine,  but  both  the  arm  and  the  leg  stand  out  in 
high  relief.  As  pre\iously  suggested  on  ]).  Ill,  this  style  of  art  slightly 
resembles  that  found  in  the  region  from  the  Lillooet  Valley  to  the  Lower 
Willamette  and  as  far  east  at  least  as  The  Dalles."^  It  is  possible  that  some 
of  the  sculptures  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region  -  adjohiing  the 
Lillooet  Valley  on  the  east  and  the  Yakima  region  on  the  north,  may  be 
somewhat  related  to  the  style  of  art  of  this  fragmentary  ])ipe.  The  human 
form  shown  in  Fig.  121  has  been  discussed  on  ]>.  127  as  it  is  incised  rather 
than  carved  in  the  round.     Clark  mentions  a  "malet  of  stone  curiously 

carved,"  ^  which  he  says  was  used 
by  the  Indians  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Snake  River  and  Eells  ^  men- 
tions two  stone  carvings  from  the 
general  area  of  which  this  is  a  part 
Avhich  he  describes  as  horses'  heads. 
If  this  interpretation  be  correct, 
the  carvings  are  evidently  modern. 
The  fish  form  shown  in  Fig.  119 
has  been  mentioned  on  p.  127. 

The  very  form  of  the  pestle 
shown  in  Fig.  34  and  the  sym- 
metrical outline  of  the  club  shown 
in  Fig.  62  are  in  themselves  some- 
what artistic,  while  the  fact  that  the 
l)i])e  shown  in  Fig.  118  somewhat 
represents  a  tomahawk  or  hatchet 
suggests  that  it  may  have  been 
scul])tured  as  representative  art. 
It  seems  likely  that  it  was  modelled  after  the  metal  tomahawk  pipe  intro- 
duced by  the  traders  which  of  (ourse  would  indicate  that  it  was  recently 
made. 

Coa.'^t  Art.  The  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  127  which  was  mentioned  on  ]>.  116 
is  clearly  of  the  art  of  the  northwest  coast.  It  must  have  l)eeii  l)rought  to 
this  region  from  as  far  at  least,  as  the  Kwakiutl  and  Haida  region,  and  may 
be  the  work  of  an  artist  from  that  part  of  the  coast,  on  \^aneouver  Island, 
north  of  C'oinox.  Although  in  a  fragmentary  condition,  this  sculpture  ex- 
hibits an  excellent  te(hiii(|U('  of  its  style  of  art.     Astride  of  the  stem  is  a 


Fig.  127.  Pipe  made  of  Stone.  From  a  hill- 
side grave  on  Toppenish  Creek  near  Fort  Simcoe. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  Lynch,  i  nat.  size.  (Now 
in  the  collection  of  Mr.  George  G.  Heye,  New 
York.) 


1  Teit,  (b),  Figs.  68  and  95-97;  Smith,  (d),  Fig.  183  and  especially  Figs.  195b  and  198. 

2  Smith,  (d).  Fig.  113:    (b),  Fig.  185a. 

3  Lewis  and  Clark,  IH,  p.  124. 
*  Eells,  p.  293. 


1910.] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


137 


d 


Fig.  128.  Sculptured  and  Inlaid  Pipe  made  of  Steatite  with  Wooden  Stem.  From  Chief 
Moses  of  the  Yakima  Region.  ^  nat.  size.  (Drawn  from  pliotograph  44508,  6-9,  6-10,  6-11. 
Original  in  the  collection  of  Mr.'.  Lynch.) 


138  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museian  of  Natural  History.  [Vol.  VI, 

human  figure  Avith  the  left  hand  to  the  chest,  and  the  right  one  resting  on 
the  right  knee.  The  head  is  missing,  the  chest  muscular.  The  other  end 
of  the  pipe  apparently  represents  the  thunder  bird.  The  head  and  most 
of  the  figure  are  bilaterally  symmetrical.  The  beak  is  cut  off  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  form  a  flat  surface  at  the  tip.  The  feathers  of  the  rear  portion 
of  the  left  wing  extend  in  a  different  direction  from  those  on  the  tip,  while 
those  of  the  right  wing  are  parallel  with  those  on  the  rear  part  of  the  left 
wing.  The  lower  side  or  tail  of  this  bird  figure  is  broken  off,  but  it  proba])ly 
extended  to  the  broken  place  shown  at  the  neck  of  the  human  face  on  the 
base  of  the  pipe.  In  it,  may  be  seen  a  groove,  the  half  of  a  longitudinal 
perforation  which  does  not  connect  with  the  pipe  liowl.  The  carving  on  the 
right  side  of  the  pipe  bowl,  the  top  of  which  is  broken  away,  is  practically 
the  same  as  that  on  the  left,  while  the  base  is  carved  to  represent  a  human 
head. 


jMetitod  of  Burial. 

In  ancient  times,  there  were  three  principal  methods  of  disposing  of  the 
dead:  in  gra\es  in  domes  of  volcanic  ash,  in  rock-slide  graves,  and  in  crema- 
tion circles.  In  all  of  these  they  were  covered  with  stones.^  Detailed  de- 
scriptions of  the  graves  explored  by  us,  are  given  in  the  appendix.  There 
are  also  burials  covered  with  pebbles,  some  of  Avhich  may  be  old;  and  recent 
graves  (p.  20),  where  the  bodies  were  apparently  buried  at  length  with  the 
feet  to  the  east,  and  both  head  and  foot  marked  by  a  stake,  the  one  at  the 
head  being  the  larger.  Simple  graves  in  the  level  ground  known  to  be  old 
were  not  found.  Gibbs  saw  bodies  wrapped  in  blankets  and  tied  upright 
to  tree  trunks  at  some  distance  above  the  ground  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Okanogan  River.- 

Burials  in  Domes  of  Volcanic  Ash.  In  this  arid  region  are  stretches  of 
country  locally  known  as  'scab  land,'  on  which  are  occasionally  groups  of 
low  dome-shaped  knolls  from  ahoiu  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  in  diameter, 
by  three  to  six  feet  in  heiglit.-'  These  knolls  consist  of  fine  volcanic  ash, 
and  apparently  have  l)een  left  by  tlu>  wind  l)ecaus(>  held  in  \)h\vv  by  roots  of 
sage  brush  and  other  vegetation.  This  ashy  material  has  been  swept 
from  the  intervening  surface  leaving  the  'seal)  land'  paved  with  fragments 
of  basalt  imbedded  in  a  hard  soil.  The  })rehistoric  Indians  of  this  region, 
have  used  many  of  these  knolls,  each  as  a  site  for  a  single  grave  (Fig.  2, 


1  Cf.  also  Yarrow,  p.  178;   Gibbs,  (b),  p.  201. 

2  Gibbs,  (a),  p.  413. 

3  See  Museum  negative  nos.  44442,  1-3,  and  44496,  5-9. 


1910.]  Smith,   The  Yakima  Valley.  139 

Plate  ix)>  These  graves,  which  are  located  in  the  tops  of  the  knolls,  are 
usually  marked  by  large  river  pebbles,  or,  in  some  cases,  by  fragments  of 
basalt  that  ap{)ear  as  a  circular  pavement  projecting  slightly  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil.  None  of  them  are  known  to  be  recent.  On  the  other  hand, 
there  is  no  positive  evidence  of  their  great  antiquity.  In  these  we  sometimes 
find  a  box  or  cyst.  This  box  (Plate  x)  was  formed  of  thin  slabs  of  basaltic 
rock  some  placed  on  edge  and  large  flat  slabs  covering  the  cyst  so  formed. 
Above  this,  as  was  usually  the  case,  above  the  skeletons  in  this  kind  of 
grave,  the  space  was  filled  with  irregular  rocks  or  pebbles.  The  rocks  and 
cyst  were  entirely  dift'ercnt  from  those  of  the  cairns  of  the  coast  of  Washing- 
ton and  British  Columbia.-  The  skeletons  Avere  found  flexed,  on  the  side. 
In  the  graves,  artifacts  such  as  dentalium  shells  were  deposited  at  the  time 
of  burial. 

The  Kalapuya  of  the  Willamette  Valley  to  the  southwest,  buried  their 
■dead  in  the  earth.  ()ne  writer  described  the  process  as  follows:  —  "When 
the  grave  was  dug  they  placed  slabs  on  the  bottom  and  sides,  and  when  they 
had  lowered  the  wrapped  body  doAvn,  placed  another  over,  resting  on  the 
side  ones,  and  filled  in  the  earth."  ^  The  account  does  not  seem  to  indicate 
whether  these  slabs  were  of  wood  or  stone,  but  in  either  case  there  is  a  certain 
similarity  to  the  graves  with  the  stone  cyst  found  near  Tampico. 

A  grave  which  may  be  of  this  type,  found  about  two  and  one  half  miles 
south  of  Fort  Simcoe  was  reported  to  me  by  Mrs.  I^ynch  who  furnished  the 
following  information  about  it.  It  was  on  a  low  ridge  with  the  usual  cairn 
of  rocks  about  three  feet  high  covering  it.  This  cairn  was  made  ui)  of  two 
distinct  layers  of  rocks,  both  lying  above  the  contents  of  the  grave  which 
included  the  skeleton  of  an  adult  man  estimated  to  be  at  least  six  feet  tall 
and  that  of  a  child  aljout  six  to  eight  years  of  age,  according  to  identifications 
made  by  the  physician  of  the  United  States  Indian  service  stationed  at  Fort 
Simcoe.  The  man's  skull  which  was  well  preserved  though  brittle,  was 
found  four  feet  below  the  ground  or  approximately  seven  feet  below  the  top 
of  the  cairn  and  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  grave.  The  pelvis  of  tlu^  child 
was  completely  decayed,  and  few  of  the  bones  were  intact  except  the  maxilla 
which  was  found  in  the  western  part  of  the  grave  between  the  i)atell<'e  of  the 
man.  Near  them  were  found  four  "links"  [beads]  of  a  copper  necklace. 
The  maxilla  was  deeply  copper-stained.  The  steatite  ornament  shown  in 
Fig.  119  was  found  on  the  man's  manubrium. 

Rock-slide  Graves.     The  rock-slides  on  the  hill  and  canon  sides  as  in  the 


1  See  Museum  negative  no.  44497,  5-10,  taken  from  the  north  of  east.     See  also  pp.  17 
and  161.     First  mentioned  in  Smith,  (g),  VI. 

2  See  Smith  and  Fo\vl<e. 

3  Lewis,  p.  178;   Gatschet,  p.  86;  American  Antiquarian,  IV,  1882,  p.  331. 


140  Anthropological  Papers  American   Musciin)  of  Xahiral  History.    [Vo  .  VI, 

region  to  the  north  had  frequently  been  used  as  burial  places.  The  graves 
are  found  from  top  to  bottom.  Some  of  them  seem  very  old.  Others  were 
})roven  to  be  recent  by  the  character  of  the  objects  found  in  them.  The 
skeletons  were  in  or  on  the  ground  and  the  rocks  of  the  slide  had  been  piled 
or  caused  to  slide  over  them  (Fig.  1,  Plate  viii).^  The  skeleton  was  buried 
from  one  to  five,  six  or  even  ten  feet  deep.  In  some  cases,  the  rocks  seemed 
to  have  sunk  as  the  body  decayed,  in  others  they  formed  a  pile  as  if  placed 
there  to  mark  the  grave.  Some  graves  were  marked  with  sticks  (Fig.  3, 
Plate  vi).  In  others,  probably  always  the  older  graves,  sticks  were  not 
seen  having  doubtless  decayed.  One  of  the  graves  found  rifled  75  feet 
above  the  little  flat  at  the  edge  of  the  north  side  of  the  Naches  River  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  above  its  mouth,  seemed  to  be  walled  up  Avith  rocks  like  a 
well  and  slabs  of  a  broken  canoe,  part  of  which  had  been  thrown  out  sur- 
rounded a  few  of  the  disturbed  bones.  The  skeletons  were  always  in  a 
flexed  position  (Fig.  2,  Plate  viii)  and  objects  were  found  to  have  been 
placed  in  some  of  these  graves. 

Spinden  states  that  cemeteries  are  readily  located  by  the  heaps  of  "river- 
worn  or  rock-slide  boulders"  piled  over  the  graves  in  the  Nez  Perce  country.^ 
They  are  usually  on  the  first  bench  above  the  river  bottom  and  are  foimd 
near  the  traditional  village  sites,  from  which  they  can  be  seen.  The  more 
common  method  of  disjiosing  of  the  dead  there,  was  by  burial  in  the  ground, 
especially  on  stony  hillsides,  and  covering  the  graves  with  stones  to  keep  off 
the  wild  animals.  This  seems  to  have  been  the  prevailing  method  through- 
out the  whole  Columbia  region  of  which  this  is  a  part.^  Rock-slide  graves 
were  sometimes  made  in  basaltic  cliffs  in  the  Nez  Perce  region.  One  of 
these  is  known  to  have  been  used  in  recent  times  from  the  ])resence  of  a 
Lewis  and  Clark  mtdal,^  and  graves  marked  by  pieces  of  u})right  cedar  and 
covered  by  large  piles  of  stone  are  rejiorted  by  Spinden  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Snake  River,  beside  the  mouth  of  the  Grande  Ronde.^ 

Indian  graves  filled  up  with  stones  are  numerous  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
.several  remains  (\)\).  29,  54  and  82)  near  ]Mr.  Turner's  home,  according 
to  ]Mr.  J.  S.  Cotton.  INIr.  Turner  told  him  that  all  the  graves  that  had  been 
excavated  contained  tones  in  a  greatly  decayed  condition,  which  suggested 
to  him  that  they  were  Acry  old.  These  graves,  like  the  other  remains  of  the 
vicinity  previously  mentioned,  have  been  in  the  same  condition  since  about 
1874. 


1  See  Museum  negative  no.  44.513,  7-3,  from  tlie  south  in  base  of  rock-slide  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Yakima  River  about  a  mile  below  tlie  mouth  of  the  Naches  River,  see  p.  15. 

2  Spinden,  p.  181. 

3  Lewis,  p.  190;    Lewis  and  Clark,  IV,  pp.  366-7,  371,  V,  p.  99;    Ross,  (a),  pp.  320-321; 
Cox,  p.  105;  Douglas,  p.  339;  Gibbs,  (a),  p.  405. 

*  Spinden,  p.  181. 

5  Spinden,  pp.  181  and  252. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  141 

The  terraces  mentioned  on  p.  13  (Fig.  1,  Plate  vii)  ^  may  have  been 
made  to  faeihtate  reaching  rock-shde  graves  in  the  same  sUde;  while  the 
pits  -which  were  found  in  the  slides  (Fig.  2,  Plate  vii)  -  walled  up  on  the 
outer  sides  like  balconies,  with  the  rocks  that  apparently  came  both  from 
the  pits  and  the  disturbed  slide  above  them,  have  been  considered  as  rifled 
graves  or  graves  from  which  the  burials  had  been  removed  (p.  13). 

The  following  quotation  may  refer  to  rock-slide  pits:"*  "In  the  eastern 
part  of  Marion  County,  Oregon,  there  stands  an  isolated  and  most  strikingly 
regular  and  beautiful  butte  some  three  hundred  feet  in  height  and  covering 
nearly  a  section  of  land.  It  was  fringed  about  its  base,  at  the  time  of  which 
I  write,  with  fir  groves,  but  its  sides  and  well  rounded  and  spacious  top  were 
devoid  of  timber,  except  a  few  old  and  spreading  oaks,  and  perhaps  a  half 
dozen  gigantic  firs,  whose  weighty  limbs  were  drooping  with  age.  A  meri- 
dian section  line  passes  over  the  middle  of  this  butte,  and  four  sections 
corner  near  its  top.  While  running  this  line  and  establishing  these  corners 
in  1851,  I  observed  many  semi-circular  walls  of  stone,  each  enclosing  space 
enough  for  a  comfortable  seat,  and  as  high  as  one's  shoulders  when  in  a 
sitting  posture,  upon  cross-sticks  as  high  as  the  knee ....  the  older  white 
residents  said  the  Indians  made  them,  but  for  what  purpose  they  could  not 
say.  1  became  a  witness  to  the  use,  and  was  particularly  impressed  with  the 
fitness  for  what  1  saw.  Indians  fiom  the  North  and  South  traveling  that 
way  generally  camped  upon  the  banks  of  the  Abiqua  Creek,  a  rapid  stream 
of  pure,  cold  water,  just  issued  from  the  mountains  upon  the  ])lain.  The 
butte  was  near,  and  this  they  ascended  and,  taking  seats  within  the  stone 
sanctuaries,  communed  in  silence  with  the  Great  Spirit.  Bowing  the  head 
upon  the  hands  and  resting  them  upon  the  knees  for  a  few  moments,  then 
sitting  erect  and  gazing  to  the  west  over  the  enchanting  valley  interspersed 
with  meadow,  grove  and  stream."  The  author  states  that  the  place  is  now 
called  Blount  Angel,  is  surmounted  by  a  Roman  Catholic  cathedral  and  that 
the  Indians  called  this  butte  Tap-a-lam-a-ho,  signifying  jNIount  of  Com- 
munion; and  the  plain  to  the  west  Chek-ta,  meaning  beautiful  or  enchanting. 

Possibly  the  burials  in  the  domes  of  volcanic  ash  and  those  in  the  rock- 
slides  are  practically  the  results  of  a  common  motive  by  the  same  peo[)le  in 
the  same  time  and  the  differences  may  be  due  sim))ly  to  the  difi'erence  in  the 
character  of  the  near  by  topography  and  the  relative  (  onvcnience  of  securing 


1  See  Museum  negative  no.  44520,  7-10,  from  the  southwest,  about  a  mile  above  the  moutli 
of  the  Naches  River,  (p.  13). 

2  See  Museum  negative  no.  44519,  7-9.     The  same  shde  from  the  soutlnvest  (p.  13). 

3  Pp.  35  and  36  of  an  article  entitled  "Extract  from  T.  W.  Davenport's,  "Recollections  of 
an  Indian  agent  (not  yet  pubhshed),"  The  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  March, 
1904,  Vol.  V,  No.  1. 


142  AntJinipiiluyinil  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xatural  Ifi.stdri/.    [Vol.  VI, 

the  material  to  cover  the  graves.  This  idea  is  strengthened  by  information 
given  me  by  .Mr.  W.  IF.  Hindshaw  who  stated  that  from  sixteen  to  thirty 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Snake  River  where  it  cuts  throuiih  canons 
there  are  rock  burial  heaps  immediately  above  fiood  level  and  burials  in  the 
Hood  sand  below,  both  of  which  he  found  to  contain  human  bones  and 
implements.  He  also  stated  that  graves  are  found  on  the  bluff  overlooking 
the  river.     One  was  curbed  with  the  remains  of  a  cedar  canoe.     The  trrave 

had  a  bottom  of  ])lank  and  a  cover  over  the  bod_\ that  of  a  small  child  — 

which  was  wra]j])e(l  in  a  fur,  a])parently  a  beaver  skin.  There  were  a  num- 
l)er  of  beads  and  brass  buttons  and  a  large  fragment  of  the  shell  of  the 
SchizotJiorrn.s  iniffaJlii  which  must  have  come  from  the  coast. 

Cremation  Circles.  Rings  of  stones  (Fig.  1,  Plate  ix)  ^  were  also  seen 
and  on  excavation  within  them  cremated  human  remains  were  found  usually 
several  in  each  circle.  In  some  cases  the  ring  was  irregular  and  in  others 
assumed  the  form  of  a  rectangle.  None  of  them  are  known  to  be  recent. 
In  such  places,  dentalium  shells,  flat  shell  beads,  and  shell  ornaments  were 
usually  seen.  Mr.  Teit  says  that  rings  of  stones  were  ako  put  on  top  of 
graves  in  the  Thompson  Kiver  region.  Along  the  Columbia,  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Snake  River,  vaults  or  burial  houses  like  those  found  among 
the  I']>per  Chinook  were  used."  A  somewhat  similar  method  was  observed 
even  among  the  Nez  Perce.^  This  suggests  that  the  cremation  circles  here 
described,  may  be  the  caved-in  remains  of  earth-covered  burial  lodges  built 
somewhat  on  the  j)lan  of  the  semi-subterranean  winter  houses. 

Position  of  the  Bocli/.  In  all  the  old  graves  the  skeletons  were  flexed  and 
usually  on  the  side  (Plate  viii.  Fig.  2).^  The  graves  where  the  body  was 
buried  at  length  with  the  feet  to  the  east  were  doubtless  recent  and  probably 
placed  that  way  due  to  the  teachings  of  Christians.  In  the  Nez  Perce  region 
to  the  east,  the  body  was  ])lace(l  in  a  variety  of  positions,  either  flexed  or 
at  length  '''  and  sometimes  upon  the  side.  Considering  the  difference  between 
the  costume  and  objects  used  by  the  m(Mi  and  those  by  the  women,  in  the 
Xez  Perce  region  to  the  east,"  it  M'ould  seem  that  the  contents  of  the  graves  in 
this  near  by  region  may  be  used  to  check  the  determination  of  the  sex  of 
the  skeletons. 

Property  ivilh  tlir  Dr(uL     ( )l)jects  are  usually  found  with  the  remains  of 


1  Museum  m'^iilivf  uo.  44493,  5-6  of  circle  no.  14  from  the  east  on  the  terrace  northwest 
of  the  junction  of  the  Yakima  and  the  Naches  Rivers  (p.  15  and  157).  Cf.  also  Museum 
negative  no.  44522,  7-2. 

2  Cf.  Lewis,  p.  190;  Lewis  and  Clark,  II,  pp.  139-140. 

3  Lewis  and  Clark,  IV,  p.  369;   Lewis,  p.  190. 

•*  Museum  negative  no.  44516,  7-6,  see  grave  no.  22,  p.  160. 

5  Spinden,  pp.  182  and  252. 

6  Cf.  Spinden,  p.  216. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  143 

the  dead  in  all  classes  of  old  burials  but  some  of  the  graves  contained  nothing; 
others  very  little.  There  was  apparently  no  radical  difference  in  the  character 
of  the  material  in  the  graves  in  volcanic  domes  and  those  in  the  rock-slides; 
but  the  more  modern  rock-slide  graves  seemed,  on  the  whole,  to  contain  a 
greater  niunber  of  objects  than  the  older  graves  or  the  graves  in  domes. 
On  the  coast,  objects  are  found  with  recent  burials,  but  rarely  in  ancient 
graves.  The  cremation  circles  often  contained  dentalium  shells  and  bits  of 
shell  objects  but  little  else.  In  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east  a  considerable 
amount  of  property,  ornaments  and  utensils  is  found  buried  with  the  dead.^ 

Horse  Sacrifices.  We  discovered  no  graves  containing  horse  bones  or 
over  which  a  skeleton  of  a  horse  was  foimd,  although  it  will  be  remembered 
that  such  were  found  in  the  Nez  Perce  region  east  of  here.^  There,  the 
killing  of  horses  over  the  graves  of  their  owners  became  the  usual  practice 
when  horses  were  plentiful.  Sometimes  a  horse  was  buried  over  the  body.^ 
In  this  region,  however,  we  found  no  evidences  of  the  horse  in  connection 
with  the  graves  other  than  the  i)resence  of  an  old  Spanish  bit  in  one  of  the 
more  recent  burials. 

Diseases.  Out  of  about  seventeen  complete  skeletons  and  six  skulls 
secured  in  this  region  by  our  party  those  of  two  children  (99-4323,  99-4326) 
and  two  adults,  one  of  which  was  apparently  a  female  (99-4336),  exhibited 
anchylosis  of  some  of  the  vertebrae.  The  left  ankle  bones  of  the  other 
skeleton  (99-4327)  showed  anchylosis  \\ith  the  tibia  and  one  of  the  ribs 
was  abnormal.  The  skeleton  of  a  young  child  (99-4329)  with  persistent 
frontal  suture,  an  example  of  retarded  development  was  also  found. ^ 


Conclusion. 

The  connection,  nay  partial  identity,  of  this  culture  with  that  of  the 
Thompson  River  region  in  the  southern  interior  of  British  Columbia  is  sup- 
ported by  considerable  evidence.  Small  heaps  of  fresh-water  clam  shells 
are  found  in  both  regions.  The  preponderance  of  cliipj)ed  points  over  those 
ground  out  of  stone,  bone  and  antler;  the  presence  of  digging  stick  handles; 
pestles  with  flaring  bodies  and  no  striking  heads,  others  with  tops  in  the  form 
of  animal  heads;  celts;  the  sites  of  cache  pits,  of  circular  suiiiincr  lodges 
marked  by  rings  of  stones;  and  of  semi-subterranean  houses  with  stones  on 
the  encircling  ridge;    pairs  of  arrow-shaft  smoothers,  and  bone  tubes,  were 


1  Spinden,  pp.  182  and  252. 

2  Spinden,  p.  182. 
»  Spinden,  p.  252. 

*  Cf.  Wounds,  p.  82. 


144  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

all  found  to  be  coiniiion  to  l)oth  regions.  The  simple  pipe  bowl  found  here, 
although  with  one  exception  not  found  among  archaeological  objects  in  the 
Thompson  area  is  commonly  used  by  the  present  Indians  there.  Tubular 
pipes,  modern  copper  tubes  or  beads,  incised  designs  consisting  of  a  circle 
with  a  dot  in  it  and  engraved  dentalium  shells,  each  of  a  particular  kind,  be- 
sides pictographs  in  red,  rock-slide  sepulchres,  modern  graves  walled  up 
with  parts  of  canoes,  the  marking  of  recent  graves  with  sticks,  and  the  custom 
of  burying  artifacts  with  the  dead  were  also  found  to  be  common  to  both 
areas.  Perforated  slate  tablets  of  gorget-form  are  unknown  in  both  regions. 
Circles  of  stones  which  mark  places  where  cremated  human  remains  were 
found  in  this  region  sometimes  indicate  graves  in  the  Thompson  River 
region. 

Frazer  ^  mentions  meeting  Yakima  Indians  in  the  Lillooet  Valley  which 
shows  that  they  travelled  even  beyond  the  Thompson  River  country  and 
readily  accounts  for  the  dissemination  of  cultural  elements. 

On  the  other  hand,  many  differences  in  culture  are  observable.  Thus 
objects  made  of  nephrite  and  mica  which  occur,  the  former  being  common 
in  the  Thompson  River  valley,  were  not  found  in  the  Yakima  area.  Quar- 
ries and  terraced  rock-slides  such  as  were  seen  here  are  not  known  to  us  in 
the  Thompson  River  region.  The  bone  of  the  whale  occasionally  found  in 
the  Thompson  River  country  is  lacking  in  Yakima  collections.  That  glassy 
basalt  was  not  the  chief  material  for  chipped  implements,  as  it  was  in  the 
Thompson  River  region,  is  probably  due  to  the  scarcity  of  this  material 
and  its  use  is  perhaps  as  rare  in  the  Yakima  valley  as  on  the  coast.  Chipped 
implements  were  made  of  a  greater  variety  of  stone  than  in  the  interior  of 
British  Columbia,  and  a  greater  proportion  were  of  the  more  beautifully 
colored  materials.  No  harpoon  points  made  of  a  unio  (?)  shell,  such  as 
the  object  found  in  the  Thompson  River  region  or  other  objects  made  of 
such  a  shell,  were  seen.  Notched  sinkers  and  large  grooved  sinkers  were 
more  commonly  found  than  in  the  Thompson  Valley,  while  sap  scrapers 
which  were  connnon  there,  were  not  found  in  the  Yakima  district.  A  great 
number  of  pestles  made  from  short  cylindrical  ])cl)bles,  forming  a  type 
rather  rare  in  the  Thompson  River  region;  many  long  pestles,  of  which 
only  four  or  five  have  been  found  in  interior  British  Columbia;  and  one 
with  a  zigzag  design  not  represented  among  the  finds  from  that  region, 
were  found  in  the  Yakima  area.  Saucer-shaped  depressions  marking 
summer  lodge  sites  were  not  noted  by  the  writer.  ('lu!)s  made  of  stone 
were  more  numerous  and  all  are  of  a  different  tyjie.  (  lubs  or  other  objects 
made    of   the  bone    of   the    whale   or   drilled    pendants  either  circular  or 

I  Fraser,  p.  175. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  145 

elongated  were  not  found.  Petroglyphs,  pietographs  in  white,  and  repre- 
sentations of  feather  headdresses  were  not  found  anions:  the  archaeolooical 
objects  in  the  Thompson  region.  Graves  in  knolls,  some  with  a  cyst  made 
of  thin  slabs  of  stones  constitute  another  distinct  trait  of  the  Yakima  area. 

There  is  relatively  less  evidence  of  contact  Avith  the  prehistoric  people  of 
Puget  Sound  and  the  Pacific  coast  of  Washington,  and  of  southern  British 
Columbia.  Several  kinds  of  sea  shells,  including  dentalium,  haliotis  and 
pectunculus,  which  must  have  come  from  the  coast,  were  found  in  the  Yak- 
ima Valley.  Small  points  chipped  from  beautiful  material  found  in  this  re- 
gion were  occasionally  seen  on  the  coast,  more  particularly  south  of  Puget 
Sound.  Glassy  basalt  was  used  here  perhaps  about  as  much  as  on  the  coast. 
Net  sinkers  are  also  about  as  common  here  as  on  the  coast  from  Gray's  Har- 
bor southward.  The  pestles  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Vancouver  Island  are 
similar  to  some  of  the  short  pestles  found  in  the  Yakima  region.  Short  tubu- 
lar pipes  are  found  on  the  coast  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Saanich  Peninsula  and 
the  Lower  Frazer.  The  pipe  previously  described  as  clearly  representative 
of  the  art  of  the  Northwest  coast  must  have  been  brought  from  there  or 
made  by  a  coast  artist,  not  by  one  merely  familar  with  the  art  of  the  coast. 
A  portion  of  the  material  indicative  of  coast  culture  that  was  found  in  the 
Yakima  Valley  may  have  come  uj)  the  Cowlitz  and  down  the  Toppenish 
River. 

The  similarities  mentioned  are,  however,  outweighed  by  marked  differ- 
ences. Large  shell  heaps  —  the  chief  feature  of  Coastal  archaeology  — 
have  not  been  foimd  in  the  Yakima  area,  while  quarries  are  unknown  to  us 
on  the  coast.  Objects  made  of  nephrite  and  whale's  bone  are  lacking  in  the 
Yakima  Valley.  A  very  great  number  of  points  rubbed  out  of  slate  and  bone 
are  found  on  the  coast,  but  none  rubbed  out  of  slate  and  only  a  few  rubbed 
out  of  bone  have  been  found  on  Yakima  sites.  Net  sinkers  are  much  more 
common  than  on  the  coast,  where  they  are  plentiful  only  from  Gray's  Har- 
bor southward  and  in  the  Lower  Columbia  Valley.  Long  pestles  with  the 
tops  carved  to  represent  animal  heads  are  distinctive  of  the  Yakima  area, 
while  cylindrical  pebbles  used  as  pestles  but  slightly  changed  from  the  nat- 
ural form,  which  are  quite  common  in  the  Yakima  \'alley,  are  rarely  found 
in  the  ('oast  country.  One  style  of  club  made  of  stone  commonly  found  in 
this  vicinitv  has  not  been  seen  anvwhere  on  the  coast,  althoujih  some  clubs 
made  of  stone  are  like  specimens  from  that  region.  Perforated  slate  tablets 
like  Coastal  gorgets  are  unknown  to  us  from  the  Yakima  area.  Cairns 
common  on  the  coast  are  not  found  in  (lie  Yakima  country,  while  the  icverse 
holds  true  of  rock-slide  burials.  Graves  in  knolls  arc  nukiiown  on  the  Pa- 
cific, and  artifacts  are  often  found  in  the  Yiikiina  graves  hut  tluw  seldom,  if 
ever,  occur  with  ancient  burials  on  the  coast. 


146  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

Much  of  the  material  from  the  Yakima  region  resembles  that  which  I 
have  seen  from  the  general  area  including  the  Columbia  Valley  between  Uma- 
tilla and  The  Dalles,  and  possibly  extending  further  down  the  valley. 
There  seems  to  be  a  greater  similarity  of  the  art  products  of  the  Yakima  to 
those  of  the  Thompson  River  region  than  to  those  of  the  Columbia  Valley 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Snake,  so  far  as  we  understand  the  latter  region  at 
this  time,  and  this  according  to  Lewis^  is  certainly  not  contrary  to  the  belief 
in  an  earlier  occupancy  of  this  region  by  the  Salish.  The  culture  here 
resembles  that  of  the  Nez  Perce  region  to  the  east  in  that  a  considerable 
variety  of  material  was  used  for  chipped  implements.^ 

Inter-tribal  trade  may  have  been  a  factor  in  the  production  of  some  ob- 
ser\^ed  similarities.  It  was  seen  that  pipes  of  three  types,  one  of  which  is 
found  as  far  east  as  the  Dakota,  another  as  far  north  as  the  Thompson  River 
country,  and  a  third  as  far  west  as  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands  are  all  found 
in  this  region.  It  is  clear  that  the  ancient  people  from  the  Yakima  region 
had  extensive  communications  not  only  with  the  region  southward  as  far  as 
The  Dalles,  but  also  northward,  as  far  as  the  more  distant  Thompson  River 
tribes.  If  the  products  of  the  sea  found  in  this  region  came  up  the  Colum- 
bia, as  may  be  inferred  from  Lewis,^  it  is  a  good  illustration  of  hoAv  trade  as 
a  rule,  follows  the  line  of  least  physical  resistance;  although  the  migrations 
of  the  tribes  do  not  always  follow  such  lines  because  the  lines  of  trade  as  a 
rule  are  thickly  populated  by  people  who  resist  the  migration  of  their  neigh- 
bors. Lewis^  states  that  from  the  coast  inward  there  was  only  one  trade 
route  of  importance  in  the  Washington-Oregon-Idaho  region  and  this  led  up 
the  Columbia  River  to  The  Dalles  where  was  found  the  greatest  trade  center 
in  the  whole  region  and  whither  the  tribes  were  wont  to  come  from  the  north 
and  south  as  well  as  from  the  east.^  Klamath,^  Cayuse,  Nez  Perce,  Walla 
Walla  and  other  Sahaptin  and  probably  Salish  tribes  were  all  in  the  habit  of 
going  there  to  traffic.  He  also  states  that  further  east,  the  Sahaptin  in  their 
turn,  traded  with  the  Shoshone  from  whom  they  obtained  buffalo  robes  and 
meat.  The  center  for  this  trade  at  least  in  later  times  was  the  Grande  Ronde 
in  eastern  Oregon;  ^  but  this  later  center  probably  came  into  being  after  the 
advent  of  the  horse.  Ilie  Okanogan  are  known  to  have  crossed  the  mountains 
to  Puget  Sound  to  trade  wild  hemp  for  sea  shells  especially  dentalia  as  well  as 
for  other  small  objects.^     The  Yakima  also  in  later  times  crossed  the  moun- 

1  Lewis,  p.  196. 

2  Spinden,  p.  181. 

3  Lewis,  p.  193. 
■•  Lewis,  p.  193. 

*  Lewis  and  Clark,  IV,  p.  286;   Ross,  (b),  p.  117. 
fi  Gatschet,  p.  93. 

7  Wilkes,  IV,  p.  394. 

8  Ross,  (a),  p.  290;  (b),  I,  p.  44. 


1910.]  Smith,  The   Yakima  Valley.  147 

tains  and  traded  with  Piiget  Sound  tribes  according  to  Gibbs/  but  if  this 
trade  Avere  carried  on  in  earUer  times  its  effect  in  the  Yakima  Valley  seems  to 
have  been  slight  as  indicated  by  the  few  dentalium  shells,  the  shell  pendants 
shown  in  Figs.  87-94  and  the  pipe  of  coast  art,  shown  in  Fig.  127.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  this  trade  with  the  coast  became  customary  only  after  the  horse 
was  introduced.  There  was  a  considerable  amount  of  trade  between  the  Ya- 
kima and  the  Thompson  River  and  other  tribes  of  British  Columbia  which 
was  carried  on  chiefly  through  the  Okanogan.^  Lewis^  states  that  the  Walla 
Walla  who  lived  to  the  south  of  the  Yakima  at  least  in  later  times  visited  as 
far  north  as  the  Thompson  River  region,  and  that  certain  Sahaptin  tribes 
seem  to  have  moved  northward  and  westw'ard  and  forced  back  the  Salish 
tribes  which  at  the  time  of  Lewis  and  Clark's  visit  were  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Columbia  and  on  its  tributaries.*  These  tribes  were  particularly  the 
Klickitat  and  the  Yakima,  an  assumption  which  Lewis  states  is  supported  by 
the  definite  assertions  of  the  natives  themselves.  A  number  of  old  men  pos- 
itively assured  Dr.  Suckle}'  that  they  had  pushed  their  way  into  the  country 
formerly  occupied  by  the  Salish.^  The  Klickitat,  although  living  in  a  well 
wooded  region  on  the  southern  slopes  of  Mt.  Adams  and  Mt.  St.  Helens  are 
thought  to  have  been  driven  by  the  Cayuse  from  their  earlier  home  which 
was  further  east  and  south.  Later,  they  went  further  west  into  the  Cowlitz 
Valley.''  This  may  account  for  the  circular  pit  surrounded  by  an  embank- 
ment which  I  saw^  near  Rochester  in  Thurston  County  and  interpreted  as  the 
remains  of  a  semi-subterranean  winter  house  site.  Lewis  also  states  that  the 
Yakima  probably  lived  on  the  Columbia  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  which 
now  bears  their  name,  and  are  in  fact  so  located  by  Cox  who  places  them  on 
the  north  and  east  side  of  the  Columbia.  The  pressure  of  neighboring  tribes 
caused  by  the  coming  of  the  white  race  no  doubt  facilitated  the  adoption  of 
new  cultural  details. 

As  late  as  1854,  the  Palus,  a  tribe  living  further  east  on  the  Paloose  River 
regarded  themselves  as  a  portion  of  the  Yakima  and  the  head  chief  of  the 
Yakima  as  their  chief.^  The  general  similarity  of  the  Walla  Walla  language 
to  that  of  the  Klickitat  and  Yakima  rather  than  to  that  of  the  Xez  Perce  is 
mentioned  by  Lewis. 

Cultural  elements,  especially  those  associated  with  the  horse  and  with 
the  new  mode  of  life  which  it  made  possible,  probably  came  from  the  region 


1  Gibbs,  (a),  p.  408. 

2  Cf.  Teit,  (a),  p.  258. 

3  Lewis,  pp.  194-5. 

*  Lewis  and  Clark,  VI,  pp.  11  ">  ami  1 10;  Mooney,  pp.  734-736. 

•'  Gibbs,  (b),  p.  224. 

«  Swan,  p.  323. 

7  Stevens,  XII,  p.  200,  Pacific  R.  R.  Kept.,  I'l  •  I. 


148         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Historij.    [Vol.  \I, 

to  the  southeast,  and  show  a  great  shnilarity  to  the  Plains  type  of  ciUture. 
How  much  the  Plains  culture  had  influenced  the  Plateau  type  before  the  in- 
troduction of  the  horse,  is  a  question.^  On  the  Columbia  River,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Yakima,  were  numerous  Indians  who  were  visited  by  Clark  in 
1805,  but  he  says  that  while  he  saw  a  few  horses,  the  Indians  appeared  to 
make  but  little  use  of  them.  If  these  were  the  Yakima  Indians  there  must 
have  been  quite  a  change  in  their  manner  of  living  in  the  next  few  years." 
This  agrees  very  well  with  the  time  of  the  introduction  of  the  horse  among 
the  Lower  Thompson  Indians  towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
according  to  Teit.^  All  this  would  tend  to  show  that  the  horse,  while  com- 
mon in  the  Yakima  country,  about  that  time,  had  not  yet  affected  the  earlier 
customs  of  the  natives. 

The  early  culture  throughout  the  great  area  of  which  this  is  a  part, 
according  to  Lewis,  was  of  a  very  simple  and  undeveloped  character,  which 
probably  accounts  for  the  ra])iditv  with  Avhicli  eastern  types  were  assimilated 
when  once  introduced.' 

Summing  up:  the  prehistoric  culture  of  the  Yakima  area  resembled  that 
of  its  recent  inhabitants,  as  it  will  be  remembered  was  the  case  in  the  Thomp- 
son River  region,  the  Lower  Fraser  Valley  and  the  Puget  Sound  country 
including  the  coast  from  Comox  on  Vancouver  Island  to  Olympia.  As  a 
typical  plateau  culture,  being  affiliated  with  the  neighboring  cultures  to  the 
north,  east  and  south,  it  presented  a  sharp  contrast  to  both  the  present  and 
past  cultures  of  the  coast  to  the  west.  Compared  with  other  branches  of  the 
Plateau  culture  area  it  must  be  considered  inferior  in  coni])lexity  to  its  north- 
ern neighbor  of  the  southern  interior  of  British  Columbia  and  also  to  the  ad- 
jacent branch  near  The  Dalles  to  the  south.  \\'hile  each  of  these  divisions 
has  been  influenced  by  the  others  more  especially  in  the  past,  differentiations 
due  to  environment  or  specific  historical  conditions  lead  to  local  variations 
without  obscuring  an  essential  unity  of  cultural  traits. 


1  Lewis,  p.  179. 

2  Lewis,  p.  184;  Ross,  (b),  I,  p.  19. 

3  Teit,  (a),  p.  257. 

4  Lewis,  p.  180. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  149 


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Lewis  and  Clark.     Original  Journals  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition.    (Thwaites 

Edition.)     New  York,  1904. 

Lord,  John  Keast.     The  Naturalist  in  Vancouver's  Island  and  British  Columbia. 

2  vols.     London,  1866. 

Mallery,  Garrick.     Pictographs  of  the  North  American  Indians.     (Fourth  Annual 

Report,  Bureau  of  American  Etlmology,  Washing- 
ton, 1886,  pp.  3-256.) 


150  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  ?\a(ural  History.    [\o\.  \J, 

MooNEY,  James.     The  Ghost-dance   Religion   and   the   Sioux  Outbreak  of   1890. 

(Fourteenth  Annual  Report,  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology,  Ft.  2,  Washington,  1896.) 

MooREHEAD,  Warren  K.  Frehistorie  Implements.  A  description  of  tlie  Orna- 
ments, Utensils  and  Implements  of  Fre-Columbian 
Man  in  America.     New  York.  1900. 

Ross,  Alexander,     (a)    Adventures  of  the  First  Settlers  on  the  Oregon  or  Colum- 
bia River.     London,  1849. 
(b)  The  Fur  Hunters  of  the  Far  West.     2  vols.  London,  1855. 

Schoolcraft,  Henry  R.     Historical   and    Statistical   Information   respecting   the 

History,  Condition  and  Prospects  of  the  Indian 
Tribes  of  the  United  States.  Philadelphia,  1851- 
1857. 

Smith,  Harlan  I.  and  Fowke,  Gerard.  Cairns  of  British  Columbia  and  Washing- 
ton. (Memoir,  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, 1901,  Vol.  4,  Part  2,  pp.  55-75.) 

Smith,  Harlan  I.  fa)   Shell-Heaps  of  the  Lower  Fraser  River,   British  Columbia. 

(Memoir,   American  Museum  of  Natural   History, 

1903,  Vol.  4,  Part  4,  pp.  133-191.) 

(b)  Archaeology  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  Puget  Sound.     (Mem- 

oir, American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  1907, 
Vol.  4,  Part  6,  pp.  301-441.) 

(c)  Archaeology    of    the    Thompson    River    Region.     (Memoir, 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  1900,  Vol.  2, 
Part  6,  pp.  401-442.) 

(d)  The   Archaeology   of   Lytton,    British   Columbia.     (Memoir, 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  1899,  Vol.  2, 
Part  3,  pp.  129-161.) 

(e)  Archaeological  Investigations  on  the  North  Pacific  Coast  in 

1899.  ^American  Anthropologist,  N.  S.,  Vol.  2, 
No.  3,  July-September,  1900.) 

(f)  New  Evidence  of  the  Distribution  of  Chipped  Artifacts  and 

Interior  Culture  in  British  Columbia.  (American 
Anthropologist,  N.  S.,  Vol.  11,  No.  3,  July-Septem- 
ber, 1909). 

(g)  A   Costumed    Human    Figure    from    Tampico,    Washington. 

(Bulletin,  American  Museum  of  Natural   History, 

1904,  Vol.  20,  Article  16,  pp.  195-203.) 

(h)  A  Remarkable  Pipe  from  Northwestern  America.  (American 
Anthropologist,  N.  S.,  Vol.  S,  No.  1,  January- 
March,  1906,  pp.  33-38.) 

Spinden,  Herbert  Joseph.     The  Nez  Perce  Indians.     (Memoirs  of  the  American 

Anthropological  Association,  Vol.  2,  Part  3,  1908, 
pp.  171-274.) 

Stevtcns,  Isaac  I.     Report  of  tlie  Commi.ssioner  of  Indian  .Vli'airs  for  1854,  pp.  184- 

254. 

Swan,  James  G.     The  Northwest  Coast:   or  Three  Years'  Residence  in  Washington 

Territory,  New  York,  1857. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakama  Valley.  151 

Teit,  James,     (a)   The  Thompson  Indians  of  British  Columbia.     (Memoir,  Ameri- 
can  Museum   of   Natural   History,    1900,    Vol.    2, 
Part  4,  pp.  163-392.) 
(b)  The  Lillooet  Indians.     (Memoir,  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  1906,  Vol.  4,  Part  5,  pp.  193-330.) 

Whitman,  Mrs.  Marcus.     Letters  written  by  Mrs.  Whitman  from  Oregon  to  her 

relations  in  New  York.  (Transactions  of  the 
Oregon  Pioneer  Association  for  1891,  pp.  79-179, 
and  1893,  pp.  53-219.) 

Wilkes,  C.     Narrative  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition  during  the  years 

1838-1842.     5  vols.     Philadelphia,  1845. 

Yarrow,  H.  C.      A  Further  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  the  Mortuary  Customs 

of  the  North  American  Indians.  (First  Annual 
Report,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Wasliing- 
ton,  1881,  pp.  91-203  ) 


152         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    [\o\.  VI, 


Appendix. 

The  following  appendix  contains  a  detailed  account  of  graves  with  catalogue 
numbers  of  their  contents  and  other  finds,  upon  which  the  preceding  descriptions 
are  based. 

Kennewick. 

202-8114.     Fhnt  chip  from  the  surface.     No  chips  of  this  quality  were  found  in  the 

Thompson  River  region. 
202-811.5.     Chipped  point  made  of  buff  jasper  from  the  surface  (Plate  ii,  Fig.  1). 
202-8116.     Large  grooved  pebble  from  the  beach  of  the  Columbia  River 
202-8117.     Chipped  pebble  from  the  surface. 
202-8118.     Broken  pestle  from  the  surface. 

202-8119.     Chipped  and  battered  hammerstone  from  the  surface.     (Fig.  43). 
202-8120.     One  half  of  a  sculptured  tubular  steatite  pipe,  purchased  from  Mr.  W.  F. 

Sonderman  who  dug  it  up  while  building  a  flume  near  Kennewick 

(Fig.  105). 

North  Yakima. 

202-8121.  Sculptured  lumdle  of  a  digging  stick  made  of  the  horn  of  a  Rockj'  Moun- 
tain sheep  purchased  of  Mr.  W.  Z.  York,  at  Old  Yakima,  who  bought 
it  from  an  Indian  woman  living  near  Union  Gap  below  Old  Yakima. 
She,  however,  may  have  brought  it  from  some  other  locality.  (Fig. 
126). 

202-8122.     Tubular  steatite  pipe  (Fig.  104). 

202-8123.  Pestle  made  of  stone.  Presented  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Gray  of  North  Yakima. 
Found  where  the  ]\Ioxie  Ditch  enters  the  flume,  about  3  miles  north- 
east of  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River  and  southeast  of  the  Yakima 
River. 

202-8124.  Fragment  of  rock  painted  red.  Part  of  a  pictograph  showing  a  human 
figure  with  feather  headdress  (Plate  xiv,  Fig.  1),  taken  from  the 
basaltic  cliffs  southeast  of  the  Naches  River  above  the  moutii  of 
Cowiche  Creek,  about  four  miles  nortliwest  of  North  Vakima.  Several 
other  pictographs  were  photographed  here  from  the  north:  Plate  xv. 
Fig.  2  (44480,  4-5),  white  hiunan  heads  with  feather  headdresses  and 
white  and  red  double  star  figure;  Plate  xiv,  Fig.  2  (44483,  4-8), 
white  human  heads  with  feather  headdresses,  also  (44484,  4-9), 
Plate  XV,  Fig.  1  (44485,  4-10);  Plate  xvi,  Fig.  1  (44486,  4-11),  and 
Plate  XVI,  Fig.  2  (44487,  4-12),  white  and  red  human  heads  with 
feather  headdresses. 

202-8125.  Six  parts  of  pebbles,  from  the  surface  of  tlie  flat  on  tlic  (>ast  side  of  the 
Yakima  River  at  "The  Upper  Gap"  near  the  northern  end  of  North 
Yakima,  as  samples  of  what  could  have  been  used  as  material  for 
arrow  points. 


Fig.  129.     Sketch  Map  of  the  "i 


Miss  Ruth  B.  Hov.e  Delin. 


alley. 


1910.]  S7nith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  153 

Numbers  202-8126  to  202-8136  are  from  the  quarry  shown  in  Plate  III, 

Fig.   1   (44488,   5-1   from  the  .south,   44489,   5-2,  and  44490,   5-3). 

This  quarry  is  on  the  ridge  top  north  of  the  Naches  River,  about  two 

miles  above  its  mouth  (p.  16). 
202-8126.     Stone,  possibly  a  hammer. 
202-8127.     Two  river  pebbles  used  as  stone  haminers. 
202-8128.     Hammerstone  (Fig.  40). 
202-8129.     Pebble  used  as  a  hammer. 
202-8130.     Fragment  of  a  hammerstone,  edge  smooth. 
202-8131.     Two  fragments  of  hammerstones. 
202-8132.     Four  pieces  of  raw  material  for  chipped  implements. 
202-8133.     Seven  pieces  of  raw  material  for  chipped  implements,  possibly  waste 

from  pieces  blocked  out  to  be  transported  or  possibly  too  small  or  of 

too  poor  a  quality  to  be  transported. 
202-8134.     Tw^o  pieces  of  raw  material,  perhaps  chipped. 
202-8135.     Two  pieces  of  raw  material,  perhaps  too  poor  to  be  transported. 
202-8136.     Thirty  pieces  of  raw  material,  some  very  good,  some  very  poor,  all 

apparently   waste    of   pieces   blocked   out   to   be   transported.     No 

finished  or  broken  implements  were  found  here. 

Grave  No.  1.  Plate  vi,  Fig.  3  (1910)  from  north  of  west  of  the  grave  before  it  was 
disturbed  (p.  14).  This  grave  was  about  50  feet  up  the  gully 
from  No.  2,  and  was  excavated  by  us  May  18.  It  was  marked  by  a 
stick  which  was  very  dry  but  not  yet  fully  decayed.  It  was  located 
in  the  rock-slide  on  the  east  slope  of  the  gully,  a  steep  ravine  going 
down  from  the  south  to  a  little  flat  southeast  of  the  Yakima  River. 
This  ravine  is  on  the  north  side  of  the  hill  on  the  east  of  the  Yakima 
River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River.  The  grave  was  about  a 
mile  northeast  of  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River,  and  about  80  feet 
above  the  Yakima.  From  the  spot  one  can  see  out  over  the  valley 
of  the  Yakima.  The  grave  was  on  a  slight,  bench,  terrace,  or  place 
that  could  be  so  interpreted.  There  were  large  pits  and  terraces  in 
the  slide  above  this  grave,  like  those  shown  in  Plate  vii.  Indica- 
tions of  very  old  charred  cedar  strips  were  found  across  the  grave. 
Charcoal  was  found  among  the  rocks,  and  the  grave  was  bounded 
by  a  sort  of  circular  balcony  of  rocks  of  the  rock-slide  and  had  a  slight 
flat  or  depression  in  the  center.  On  top,  the  stones  were  large, 
averaging  the  size  of  a  man's  head,  some  30  pounds,  some  100  pounds, 
some  the  size  of  a  man's  fist.  Below,  covering  the  body,  the  rocks 
were  small  and  many  were  fine,  being  chipped  small  from  the  same 
rock  by  fire.  All  except  tliis  burned  rock  were  the  common  irregular 
angular  rock-slide  material.  In  the  bottom  of  the  grave  were  found 
adult  human  bones,  partly  charred  black,  the  parts  not  so  charred 
were  yellow.  Numbers  202-8137  to  202-8152  were  found  in  this 
grave. 

202-8137.  Left  half  of  a  charred  human  jaw,  parts  are  ivory  black  aiul  parts 
yellowish  gray. 

202-8138.     Part  of  a  human  vertebra. 


154         Anthropological  Papers  Anicrlcaii   J/waeu//;  <>/  Xuturul  Historij.      [\'ol.  VI, 

202-8139.  Some  charivd  aiul  calcincil  hones  of  a  dog  with  the  joint  end  of  the 
tibia  showing  the  artic-ulation  pulled  off  as  in  youth.  Ashes  and 
bhack  fine  masses  resembling  pulverized  charcoal  were  found  in  the 
bottom  of  the  grave.  The  liuman  bones  found  with  these  were 
probably  of  two  skeletons,  but  all  were  much  l)roken  and  charred, 
Rome  yellow  brown  mass,  composed  of  rootlets,  maggot  sacks,  etc., 
was  found  at  the  sides  of  the  grave. 

202-8140.  At  the  east  side  of  the  grave,  a  large  piece  of  partly  charred  cedar  about 
8  inches  wide  by  2  inches  thick  was  found. 

202-8141.  Chipped  point  of  obsidian  with  base  broken  off,  showing  that  at  least 
some  of  the  contents  of  the  grave  were  of  prehistoric  culture. 

202-8142.  Finely  chipped  point  made  of  brown  chert  found  in  fire  refuse  of  this 
grave  (Plate  ii.  Fig.  5). 

202-8143.     Scorched  point  made  of  bone  (Fig.  9). 

202-8144.     Part  of  a  point  similar  to  202-8143  and  found  with  it 

202-8145.     Part  of  a  point  similar  to  202-8143  and  found  with  it 

202-8146.     Part  of  a  point  similar  to  202-8143  and  found  with  it. 

202-8147.  Tube  of  rolled  bra.ss  having  the  diameter  of  a  lead  pencil,  proving  this 
grave  to  have  been  made  since  the  prehistoric  people  were  able  to 
reach  the  whites  in  trade. 

202-8148.     Tube  similar  to  202-8147  (Fig.  75). 

202-8149.     Charred  tube  made  of  bone  about  1^  inches  long. 

202-8150.     Tube  similar  to  202-8149  (Fig.  97). 

202-8151.  Scorched  tube  made  of  bone  and  ornamented  by  incisions  running  from 
one  end  to  the  other  in  a  spiral  course.  The  tube  is  charred  and  about 
\\  inches  long  (Fig.  98). 

202-8152  Slate  disk  perforated  in  the  center  an;!  at  each  side.  The  object  is  about 
1  inch  in  diameter  and  J  inch  thick  (Fig.  77). 

■Grave  No.  2.  Rock-slide  grave,  about  50  feet  down  the  ravine  from  grave  No.  1 
and  about  40  feet  above  the  flume.  It  had  grass  growing  in  the 
center.  The  grave  seemed  caved  in  and  as  if  thoroughly  walled  like 
a  well.  It  contained  nothing,  apparently  having  been  rifled.  Before 
excavation  this  seemed  to  be  more  like  a  grave  than  No.  1.  (See 
photograph  taken  from  the  southwest.) 

"Grave  No.  3.     Rock-slide  grave. 

99-4314.  Bleached  skull  and  jaw  of  an  adult  purchased  of  a  l)oy  who  said  it  was 
from  a  rock-slide  grave  on  the  north  side  of  the  Yakima  Ridge  lying 
east  of  the  Yakima  River  above  the  Upper  Gap. 

Grave  No.  4.  Rock-slide  grave  about  6  feet  southeast  of  grave  No.  5  at  Selah 
Canon.  As  this  trrave  had  boon  opened  and  the  skeleton  had  been 
disturbed,  no  accurate  description  as  to  its  ])osition  can  be  given. 
Some  of  the  rock-slide  material  was  quite  large,  weighing  from  200 
to  300  lbs;  depth,  4  feet;  diameter,  3  feet.  Decayed  wood  was  found 
in  the  grave  and  long  poles  on  the  side  of  the  grave.  The  grave  was 
probably  not   very  old. 

'99-4315.  Part  of  skull  and  skeleton  of  a  youth  which  was  partly  bleached.  Found 
in  Grave  No.  4. 


1910.] 


Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley. 


155 


Grave  No.  5.  Rock-slide  grave  in  Selah  Canon  and  about  6  feet  northwest  of  grave 
No.  4.  Apparently  this  grave  had  been  rifled.  The  adult  skull  lay 
to  the  west  and  was  broken.  The  skeleton  was  flexed,  the  feet  were 
toward  the  east  and  the  knees  south  of  the  vertebrae,  that  is,  the 
skeleton  was  on  the  right  side.  The  grave  which  was  about  75  feet 
up  the  hillside,  and  IJ  miles  east  of  the  Yakima  River  on  the  south 
side  of  Selah  Canon,  was  about  3^  feet  deep  by  3^  feet  in  diameter. 
Long  poles  lay  on  the  side  of  the  grave  while  decayed  wood,  leather 
thongs  and  dried  flesh  yet  adhering  to  some  of  the  bones,  in  this  kind 
of  a  grave  even  in  such  a  dry  region  as  this,  especially  the  last  two, 
suggest  the  grave  to  be  recent. 

■99-4316.     Jaw  and  skeleton  of  an  adult.     Found  in  grave  No.  5. 

Orave  No.  6.  Rock-slide  grave  about  100  feet  up  the  hillside  at  the  top  of  a  rock- 
slide  on  a  point  south  of  the  Yakima  River  about  2  miles  northeast 
and  above  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River.  The  bones  were  found 
in  excavating  an  adjacent  barren  grave,  5  feet  to  the  northeast  and 
had  probably  been  thrown  out  of  this  one  on  top  of  it.  Pieces  of 
cedar  were  scattered  around  the  grave,  which  had  been  rifled.  Its 
depth  was  5  feet,  diameter  5  feet. 

99-4317.     Skull  and  one  hip  bone  of  an  adult.     Probably  from  grave  No.  6. 


Grave  No.  7.  Rock-slide  grave  situated  northeast  of  North  Yakima  and  about  half 
a  mile  northeast  of  grave  No.  6.  There  is  a  road  near  the  edge  of  the 
grave.     The  grave  had  been  rifled  and  pieces  of  wood  were  found  lying 


near  it;   the  bones  were  scattered  around  and  broken. 

were  in  anatomical   order.     Numbers   202-8153   to 

found  in  this  grave. 
202-8153.     One  brass  bell. 
202-8154.     Three  glass  beads. 
202-8155.     Two  shell  beads. 
202-8156.     Three  dentalium  shells. 


None  of  them 
202-8156  were 


Grave  No.  8.  Rifled  rock-slide  grave.  The  skeleton  which  had  been  wrapped  in 
cedar  hark  had  been  taken  away.  Nothing  besides  the  cedar  bark 
was  found.  The  grave  was  found  near  No.  7  and  about  a  half  mile 
northeast  of  No.  6.  Wood  was  lying  near  by.  There  was  a  road 
near  the  edge  of  the  grave  which  had  been  rifled. 

Grave  No.  9.  Rock-slide  grave  found  near  No.  7  which  was  situated  about  half  a 
mile  northeast  of  No.  6.  The  grave  contained  nothing  but  charcoal. 
There  was  wood  lying  near  by.  There  was  a  road  near  the  edge  of 
the  -grave  which  had  been  rifled. 

Grave  No.  10.  Rock-slide  grave  excavated  June  2,  1903.  This  grave  was  150  feet 
up  the  hill  from  the  Naches  River,  half  a  mile  above  its  mouth  and 
on  llie  north  side.  It  was  5  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide  and  4  feet  deep 
and  had  been  disturbed  and  many  of  the  bones  thrown  out.  Dry 
poles  and  cedar  boards  lay  around  the  top.  Numbers  99-4318,  202- 
8157  to  202-8169  were  found  in  this  grave. 


156  Anthropohnjiral  Papers  American   Museum  of  Xatural  Histnri/.      [\'ol.  VI, 

99-4318.     All  iulult  skull  and  skeleton  witli  aljiiornuility  on  right  malor  and  with 
one  rib  expanded,  part  of  a  yovuig  adult  skeleton  and  juirt  of  a  child's 
skeleton  were  found.     Some  of  the  bones  were  bleached.     The  adult 
and   the  child  were  on    the   bottom.     These  two  bodies  had  been 
wrapped  in  bark  and  placed  in  a  hole  one  foot  deep  in  the  ground 
below  the  slide.     The  adult's  head  was  to  the  west  southwest.     On 
top  and  to  the  east  northeast  was  the  young  adult.     Human  hair 
was  also  found  in  grave  No.  10. 
202-8157.     Four  parts  of  the  hearth  of  a  fire  drill,  similar  to  that  used  in  the  Thomp- 
son River  region.     See  Teit,   (a)  p.  203,  for  descriptions  of  fire  drills 
(See  also  Fig.  38.) 
202-81o8.     \^'olf  or  dog  bones,  some  of  them  bleached. 
202-8159.     Part  of  a  decorated  wooden  bow  (Fig.  114). 

202-8 160a,  b.     Two  pieces  of  a  basket.     Doubtless  of  a  finer  stitch  than  those  from 
the  Thompson  River  Indians.     See  Teit,  (a).  Fig.  131a  and  Figs.  143 
to  146. 
202-8161.     Piece  of  coarse  coil  basket  with  splint  foundation  and  bifurcated  stitch 

(Fig.  17). 
202-8162.     Piece  of  a  stitched  rush  mat  (p.  86). 

The  bill  of  a  saw-bill  duck  was  found  but  not  preserved. 
202-8163.     Copper  tubes  with  six  beads,  short  sections  of  dentalium  shells,  which 
were  found  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  grave.     These  beads 
were  strung. 
202-8164.     Four  bone  tubes  found  near  the  bottom  and  mostly  to  the  east  north- 
east of  the  grave. 
202-8165.     Point  made  of  bone  found  to  the  west  northwest  in  grave  (Fig.  7). 
202-8166.     A  perforated  cylinder  made  of  steatite  found  at  about  the  center  of  the 

grave   (Fig.  99). 
202-8167.     Fishbone. 

202-8168.     Three  pieces  of  yellow  jasper  (raw  material). 

202-8169a,  b,  c.  Three  small  arrow  points,  one  found  on  center,  one  in  east  north- 
east part  and  one  in  south  of  grave,  a  is  of  brownish  fissile  jasper 
(Plate  II,  Fig.  2). 

Grave  No.  11.  Rock-slide  grave  located  on  the  north  side  of  the  Naches  River,  a 
little  over  half  a  mile  above  its  mouth.  The  place  is  about  600  feet 
west  southwest  of  grave  No.  10  and  150  feet  above  tiie  river.  It  was 
6  feet  by  4  feet  in  diameter  and  4  feet  deep.  Apparently  it  had  been 
rifled  as  nothing  was  found  in  it  except  a  skull  and  a  few  bones. 

99-4319.  Skull,  a  lower  jaw,  and  a  few  broken  bones  which  were  scattered  among 
the  rocks.  The  skull  was  found  in  the  west  southwest  part  of  the 
grave  with  the  face  down.  The  lower  jaw  was  found  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  gra\"e  al)out  1  foot  highcn-  up  in  tiie  roclis. 

Grave  No.  12.  Blulf  pclililc  grave.  We  examined  a  ring  of  i'i\-er  bouklers  on  the 
twenty-acre  farm  of  Mr.  James  McWhirter.  a  lioy  al>out  fifteen  years 
old,  twelve  miles  up  the  Naches  River  on  the  crest  of  the  foothill 
terrace  north  of  the  road,  and  overlooking  the  bottom  along  the 
north  side  of  the  Naches  River.  This  grave  was  about  150  feet  high 
aliove  llie  river  by  about  half  a  mile  from  it.     At  first  it  looked  like  a 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  157 

little  unuergrouiid  house  site  or  a  shallow  cache  pit.  (Museum 
negative,  no.  44441,  1-2  for  general  locality.)  James,  who  called 
our  attention  to  the  pile  of  boulders,  said  that  some  one  threw  off 
part  in  an  abandoned  attempt  to  dig  the  grave.  We  thought  the 
grave  practically  undisturbed  and  it  proved  to  have  been  the  least 
disturbed  of  any  we  had  found  up  to  this  point.  The  outside  of  the 
ring  was  10  feet  east  and  west  by  5  feet  north  and  south.  The  inside 
of  the  ring  or  the  space  surrounded  was  6  feet  east  and  west  by  4  feet 
north  and  south.  Probably  this  grave  was  a  boulder  heap,  the 
aspect  of  a  ring  being  given  by  the  removal  of  the  stones,  i.  e.,  this 
central  spoce  may  be  where  stones  were  thrown  off.  River  boulders 
were  found  from  top  to  bottom.  The  boulders  varied  in  weight  from 
about  7  to  30  pounds.  Most  of  them  were  disk-shaped  but  some 
were  oval.  Numbers  99-4320  and  202-8170,  1  were  found  in  this 
giave. 

99-4320.  An  adult  skeleton  was  found  4  feet  deep  with  the  head  towards  the  west, 
resting  on  its  occiput.  The  skull  which  was  broken,  faced  south  by 
east,  with  the  mouth  open.  The  knees  were  north;  the  body  was  on 
its  left  side  and  flexed.  Over  the  north  side  of  the  knees  was  an 
elliptically-shaped  piece  of  cedar  burned  on  the  upper  side.  It  was 
about  2  feet  wide  by  4  feet  long.  A  few  fragments  of  the  skeleton  of 
a  child  were  found  in  the  grave.  All  the  bones  in  the  grave  were 
very  soft  and  as  the  ends  were  broken  off  we  discarded  all  but  the 
skull  and  a  few  of  the  bones  of  the  child.  Two  shell  disks  (202- 
8170,1)  were  found  about  6  inches  apart  near  the  neck,  one  at  the 
south  shoulder,  and  one  at  the  south  side  of  the  skull  of  the  adult. 

202-8170.  Pendant  of  disk  shape  made  of  oyster  shell  with  one  perforation  near 
the  edge  (Fig.  94). 

202-8171  Pendant  of  disk  shape  made  of  shell  wltli  two  perforations  near  one 
edge  (Fig.  93). 

Grave  No.  13.  Cremation  circle,  similar  to  several  of  the  others  on  the  terrace 
northwest  of  the  mouth  of  the  Naches  River.  This  consisted  of  a 
ring  of  angular  rocks  among  which  were  no  river  pebbles,  resembling 
a  small  underground  house  site,  8  feet  in  diameter  outside,  6  feet  in 
diameter  at  the  top  of  the  rocks,  4^  feet  in  diameter  inside,  both  east- 
west  and  north-south.  It  is  widest  and  built  of  largest  stones 
on  the  side  towards  the  lower  part  of  the  terrace,  suggesting  that  the 
ring  had  slid  down  but  the  nearly  level  terrace  would  argue  against 
this  idea.  This  grave  was  like  a  rock-slide  grave,  filled  with  soil, 
but  on  a  gently  sloping  terrace  instead  of  a  steep  slide.  Photograph 
no.  44495,  5-8,  from  the  south  shows  a  telegraph  pole  to  left  and  a 
flume  across  the  Yakima  River  to  the  right.  See  also  graves  No.  14 
and  15.  Child  l)ones,  found  two  feet  deep  in  volcanic  ash,  were 
decayed  and  discarded.     Tlie  tibiae  were  about  2\  inches  long. 

Grave  No.  14.  This  cremation  circle  was  situated  on  the  terrace  about  100  feet 
above  the  Naches  River  and  about  250  yards  north  of  the  two  bridges 
near  its  mouth.  Plate  ix,  Fig.  1  (photograph  no.  44493,  5-6)  shows 
this  from  tlie  cast  with  telegraph  poles  beyond.     The  stone  circle 


158  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xafural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

measured  6  feet  north  and  south  inside  (IG  outside)  by  7  feet  east  and 
west  inside  (14  outside).  Our  excavation  liere  was  6  by  5  by  4  feet 
deep.  Fragments  of  charred  himian  bones,  and  some  that  seemed 
not  to  be  charred,  of  six  or  seven  individuals  were  found  from  about 
1  foot  deep  down  to  4  feet  deep.  Most  of  these  were  pieces  of  skulls,, 
but  pieces  of  many  other  bones  were  found.  The  bones  which  were- 
most  burned,  were  those  found  nearest  the  surface.  Much  charcoal 
was  seen.  A  layer  of  ashes  about  6  inches  in  thickness  was  found  in 
the  center.  In  the  northwest  part  of  the  hole  a  skeleton  was  found 
lying  on  the  left  side  flexed,  the  face  east,  and  the  head  north.  This, 
may  have  been  buried  after  the  others.  The  bones  were  very  much 
decomposed  and  the  skull  was  broken  into  small  pieces.  Numbers- 
202-8172  to  202-8174  were  found  in  this  grave. 

202-8172.     A  shell  ornament  found  on  the  east  side  of  the  skull. 

202-8173.  Two  dentalium  shells  found  on  the  west  side  of  the  skull.  Dentalium. 
shells  were  found  in  all  parts  of  the  excavation  but  were  most  numer- 
ous in  the  northeastern  parts. 

202-8174.     A  shell  ornament. 

Grave  No.  15.  Cremation  circle  excavated  on  June  10,  11  and  12.  Shown  from, 
the  east  in  photograph  No.  44494,  5-7.  It  is  56  feet  west  of  grave 
No.  14  and  further  up  the  terrace.  The  outside  circle  of  stones 
measured  15  feet  north  and  south  by  15  feet  east  and  west.  The 
next  circle  of  stones  measured  9  feet  north  and  south  by  9  feet  east 
and  west.  The  space  inside  the  stone  circle  nieasured  7  feet  north 
and  south  by  7  feet  east  and  west.  The  depth  varied  from  2  feet 
6  inches  in  the  east  and  south  parts  to  4  feet  in  the  north  and  west 
parts  below  all  of  which  was  a  pitching  layer  of  basaltic  rocks.  The 
three  rings  of  stones  surrovmded  a  hollow.  The  inner  row  was  about 
12  inches  lower  than  the  outer  ring.  Several  boulders  were  fovmd  in 
the  grave.  Ashes  and  lava  composed  the  grave  soil.  The  whole 
cremation  circle  seemed  to  have  been  the  burned  remains  of  a  com- 
mimal  or  family  depository  for  the  dead,  probably  a  hut  like  an  under- 
ground winter  house  walled  around  the  edge  of  the  roof  with  stones. 
Two  skeletons  were  found  on  the  bottom,  apparently  not  burned,  but 
much  decayed.  They  were  discarded.  Numbers  202-8175  to  202- 
8182  were  found  in  this  grave. 

202-8175.     Charcoal  was  abuntlant  but  most  of  it  was  found  about  14  inches  deep. 

202-8176.  Broken  and  charred  human  bones  of  about  twelve  imlivitluals  were 
foimd  throughout  the  grave  in  a  space  about  8  bj^  5  feet  beginning  at 
the  east  inner  ring  of  stones  and  extending  beyond  the  second  circle 
on  the  west.  They  were  found  from  8  inches  deep  to  parts  of  the 
bottom. 

202-8177.     Dentalium  shells  were  very  abundant. 

202-8178.     Engraved  dentalium  shells  (Fig.  118). 

202-8179.  Several  kinds  of  shell  ornaments  were  found  in  tlie  iiurtliern  and  north- 
western parts  of  the  grave. 

202-8180.     Several  burned  piec(>s  of  shell. 

202-8181.     One  piece  of  metal,  probably  cop|)er. 

202-8182.     Several  pieces  of  shell  of  different  kinds. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  159 

Grave  No.  16.  Shallow  cremation  circle,  13  feet  north  and  south  by  14  east  and 
west  (outside) ;  5  feet  north  and  south  by  7  feet  east  and  west  (in- 
side).- Charred  human  bones  of  a  child  about  10  years  old  were 
found . 

Grave  No.  17.  Cremation  circle  situated  58  feet  west  from  grave  No.  15  and  4ft 
feet  west  from  grave  No.  16.  Its  diameter  was  13  feet  east  and 
west  by  14  feet  north  and  south  outside  of  all  stones.  The  diameter 
was  5  feet  east  and  west  by  6  feet  north  and  south  inside.  At  the 
middle  of  the  stone  ring  the  diameter  was  9  feet.  The  middle  of  the 
excavation  was  3  feet  deep  in  volcanic  ash.  No  evidence  of  burning 
was  found  among  the  bones  except  the  presence  of  charcoal  at  a  depth 
of  four  feet.  Parts  of  at  least  four  skeletons,  one  adult,  and  children 
were  found,  all  much  broken  and  separated.  The  bones  were  mostly 
in  the  southwestern  end  of  the  excavation.  No  skull  bones  were 
found  except  a  lower  jaw,  while  in  grave  No.  13  most  of  the  pieces 
found  were  of  skulls.  Numbers  202-8183  to  202-8185  weie  found 
here. 

202-8183.     Three  shell  ornaments  found  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  grave. 

202-8184.  Two  dentalium  shells  found  in  the  western  part  of  the  excavation. 
These  were  the  only  two  found  in  the  whole  grave. 

202-8185.     Piece  of  copper  found  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  grave. 

Grave  No.  18.  Cremation  circle  situated  84  feet  south  of  grave  No.  14.  This  grave 
had  possibly  been  rifled.  The  stone  circle  was  15  feet  in  diameter 
outside  and  9  feet  in  diameter  inside.  The  excavation  was  2  feet, 
6  inches  to  3  feet  6  inches  deep.  Excavation  7  feet  by  6  feet.  Some 
fragments  of  human  bones  were  found  on  the  surface.  There  were 
more  stones  mixed  in  the  earth  than  in  the  graves  previously  exca- 
vated here;  viz:  Nos.  13  to  17.  Ashes  were  abundant  especially  at 
the  bottom.  Many  pieces  of  much  broken  human  bones  were  found 
but  not  as  many  as  were  seen  in  grave  No.  15  and  they  were  less 
Ijurned  than  in  that  grave.  Numbers  202-8186  to  202-8187  were 
found  in  this  grave. 

202-8186.     Two  engraved  dentalium  shells. 

202-8187.  Two  dentalium  shells  of  which  one  was  crushed  and  discarded.  A 
broken  flat  shell  ornament  which  we  also  discarded,  was  found  here. 

Graves  Nos.  19-20.  These  cremation  circles  were  of  the  usual  construction,  showed 
nothing  new  and  contained  no  specimens. 

Grave  No.  21.  Cremation  rectangle  last  explored  on  the  terrace  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Naches  River  and  situated  300  feet  northwest  from  the  two 
bridges.  The  rectangular  enclosure  was  bounded  by  a  single  row  of 
stones,  but  on  the  south  several  rows  were  placed  outside  to  conform 
with  the  slope  of  the  hill  covering  a  semicircular  area,  while  on  the 
west  was  a  second  row  of  marking  stones.  It  was  12  feet  long  north 
and  south  by  8  feet  wide  east  and  west  and  3  feet,  6  inches  deep. 
Part  of  a  child's  skull,  two  scapulae,  two  tibiae,  and  a  piece  of  a  femur, 
of  another  child;   bones  of  a  young  adult;   a  small  piece  of  skull  and 


160         Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Nattirnl  History.      [Vol.  VI^ 

part  of  a  femur  of  an  adult  were  found.     All  the  bones  were  in  a 

good  state  of  preservation.     Numbers  202-8188  to  202-8189  were 

found  in  this  grave. 
202-8188.     Dentalium  shells. 
202-8189.     A  shell  ornament  was  found  in  this  excavation.     A  piece  of  beaver  tooth 

and  several  pieces  of  decayed  cedar  were  also  found  and  discarded. 

99-4321.     See  grave  No.  25. 

Grave  No.  22.  Rock-slide  grave  located  near  the  top  of  the  slide  and  above  the 
flume  on  the  southern  side  of  the  Yakima  Ridge  on  the  northern  side 
of  the  Yakima  River  about  a  mile  eastward  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Naches  River.  Traces  of  wrappings  of  stitched  rush  matting  were 
seen   in   the   grave. 

99-4322.  Adult  skeleton,  partly  bleached,  flexed  on  back,  head  north  as  shown  in 
situ  after  removing  covering  rocks  in  photograph  (no.  44516,  7-6 
from  the  south  by  west),  Plate  viii,  Fig.  2  (pp.  15  and  142). 

Grave  No.  23.  A  grave  600  feet  up  on  the  plateau  south  of  Oak  Spring  Canon,  in  a 
dome -shaped  mound  of  volcanic  ash  left  by  the  wind.  It  was  not 
like  a  rock-slide  grave  Somewhat  angular  stones  unlike  rock-slide 
material  among  which  were  no  pebbles,  formed  a  rectangular  pile, 
15  feet  long  by  12  feet  wide.  The  grave  contained  many  stones, 
several  modern  beatls,  evidently  part  of  a  rosary,  two  dentalium 
shells  and  a  human  lower  jaw,  but  all  were  discarded. 

Grave  No.  24.  This  grave  was  located  in  a  dome  of  volcanic  ash  on  the  hill  or 
plateau  north  of  the  Ahtanum  River  and  northwest  of  Mr.  A.  D. 
Eglin's  house  near  Tampico.  It  was  marked  by  a  rectangular  group 
of  rough  and  wind  smoothed  rocks  (not  rock-slide  or  river  pebble) 
which  extended  down  as  in  the  crude  cairns,  6  feet  northeast  and 
southwest  by  4  feet  wide  northwest  and  southeast,  the  vault  being 
5  feet  by  3  feet.  Numbers  99-4323  and  202-8190  were  fovmd  in  this 
grave. 

99-4323.  A  skeleton  of  a  child  found  in  a  very  much  decomposed  condition.  Some 
of  the  bones  showed  anchylosis.  The  skull  was  found  in  the  south- 
west of  the  grave  with  part  of  the  pelvis,  two  humerii  and  a  scapula. 
The  rest  of  the  .skeleton  was  scattered,  the  lower  jaw  being  in  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  grave  with  the  femora,  tibitp  and  fibulre. 
The  skull  faced  northeast  and  rested  on  the  occiput. 

202-8190.     Bone  point  found  at  the  side  of  the  skull. 

99-4324.     See  grave  No.  27. 

Grave  No.  25.  Eglin  stone  grave  located  in  a  volcanic  ash  knoll  left  behind  l>y  wiml 
and  surrounded  by  'scab  land'  on  the  bottom  land  al)out  18  miles 
up  and  west  of  North  Yakima  or  nearly  to  Tampico,  Yakima  County, 
and  on  llic  nortli  side  of  llie  ii\('r  road,  l>nt  east  of  the  nortli  and 
."-ovith  branch  road  which  is  eat:t  of  .Mr.  Shernrm  Kglin's  place;  about 
600  feet  north  of  the  north  brancli  of  the  .\htaiuun  river  and  about 
15  feet  above  the  water  level.     0\ir  the  grave  was  a  stone  heap  of 


1910.]  Smith,  The   Yakima  Valley.  161 

angular  basalt  about  8  feet  in  diameter.  At  a  depth  of  3  feet,  after 
finding  stones  all  the  way  down,  was  a  cyst  (Negative,  nos.  44498, 
5-11  and  44499.  5-12,  reproduced  in  Plate  x,  from  the  same  sta- 
tion looking  east),  made  up  of  slabs  averaging  2  inches  in  maxi- 
mum thickness  with  thin  sharp  edges  about  2  feet  by  18  inches  and 
smaller.  There  were  two  such  cover  stones,  some  at  the  sides  and 
ends.  Sometimes  two  or  three  such  slabs  were  found  parallel  or 
overlapping.  There  were  no  slabs  or  floor  below  the  .skeleton.  This 
grave  resembled  very  much  the  stone  graves  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky 
exc^it  that  the  slabs  were  not  of  limestone  and  there  was  a  pile  of 
rocks  over  the  stone  cyst.  Numbers  99-4321,  and  202-8191  to  202- 
8195  were  found  in  this  grave. 

99-4321.  In  the  cj^st  about  on  a  level  with  the  lower  edges  of  the  enclosing  slabs 
was  the  skeleton  of  a  child  about  six  years  old  with  head  west,  face 
north,  and  the  knees  flexed  on  the  left  side.  The  skull  was  slightly 
deformed  by  occipital  pressure  (Plate  x). 

202-8191.  Horizontally  under  the  vertebrae  was  found  an  engraved  slab  of  antler 
in  the  form  of  a  costumed  human  figure  with  the  engraved  surface 
up  (Fig.  121). 

202-8192.     Dentalium  shells  were  found  under  the  body,  from  the  neck  to  the  pelvis. 

202-8193.     Ten  engraved  dentahum  shells  (Fig.  117). 

202-8194.     A  bit  of  bone. 

202-8195.     Charcoal  found  in  this  grave. 

The  grave  (No.  25)  and  its  contents  seem  to  antedate  the  advent  of  the 
white  race  in  this  region  or  at  least  show  no  European  influence. 

99-4322 

to 
99-4323      See  graves  nos.  22  to  24. 

Grave  No.  26.  Rock-marked  grave  in  a  dome  left  by  the  wind  near  the  pasture 
gate  on  Mr.  A.  D.  Eglin's  place  and  about  half  a  mile  north  of  his 
house  near  Tampico.  A  heap  of  somewhat  angular  wind  abraded 
rock  some  being  smooth,  (none  being  river  pebbles  or  rock-slide 
material)  marked  the  grave  and  extended  below  the  surface  about 
two  feet.  Then  about  1  foot  of  earth  intervened  between  them  and 
thin  rocks  found  around  the  bones  of  a  very  young  child.  The  skull 
was  in  the  northwest  end  of  the  grave  and  was  disarticulated.  The 
depth  was  4  feet,  the  length  of  the  excavation  4  feet,  and  the  width  3 
feet.  The  skeleton  was  found  with  the  head  northwest  and  the  pehis 
southeast.  A  grave  with  outward  appearance  resembling  tliis  except 
that  it  had  river  pebbles  among  the  stones  of  the  pile  is  shown  in  Fig. 
2,  Plate  IX,  (Negative  no.  44497,  5-10  taken  from  the  north  of  east). 

Grave  No.  27.  Rock-marked  grave  in  a  dome  of  volcanic  ash  left  by  the  wind 
located  about  half  a  mile  north  of  Mr.  A.  D.  Eglin's  house  hear 
Tampico.  This  grave  was  like  a  rude  cairn  being  rudely  walled  and 
fountl  filled  with  earth  and  stones  as  well  as  covered  by  rocks  of  which 
eight  or  nine  weighing  about  15  or  20  pounds,  showed  above  the 
surface  of  the  ground..    Its  depth  was  4  feet,  length  5  feet,  and  its 


162 


Atithropologiad  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xatural  Ilistonj.     [Vol.  \'I, 


width,  3  feet  6  inches,  extending  west  southwest  and  east  northeast. 
A  little  charcoal  was  found  in  this  grave  also. 
99-4324.     Adult  skeleton  found  flexed  on  left  side,  facing  northeast. 

Grave  No.  28.  Rock-slide  grave  located  in  a  small  irregular  rock-slide  on  the  north 
side  of  Cowiche  Creek  about  3  miles  west  of  its  mouth  and  about  40 
feet  above  the  road.  The  rocks  were  piled  up  in  a  crescent-shaped 
ridge  on  the  lower  side  of  the  grave.  Four  sticks  about  four  feet 
long  were  found  planted  upright  among  the  stones.  The  grave 
extended  east  and  west.  Parts  of  a  human  skeleton  were  found. 
It  was  in  a  flexed  position,  head  west,  skull  and  the  l)ones  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  broken  and  decomposed.  The  bones  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  body  were  well  preserved.  The  skeleton  had  been  wrapped 
in  matting  or  bark,  several  pieces  of  matting  being  found  in  the  grave 
as  well  as  parts  of  a  basket.  Numbers  202-81'96a  and  202-S196b 
were  found  in  this  grave. 

202 -8196a.     Chipped  point  of  mottled  quartz  found  near  the  skull  (Plate  ii,  Fig.  3). 

202-S196b.     Chipped  point  of  white  quartz  found  near  the  skull  (Plate  ii,  Fig.  4). 

202-8197.  Pestle  or  roller  niade  of  stone  from  the  surface  about  a  mile  east  of  Fort 
Simcoe.  This  is  of  cylindrical  shape  tapering  to  both  ends  but  to 
one  more  than  to  the  other.     Both  ends  are  fractured  (Fig.  37). 

Grave  No.  29.  Rock-marked  grave  located  on  a  plateau  above  Wenas  Creek  near 
its  mouth  and  about  seven  miles  north  of  North  Yakima.  The 
rocks  marking  the  grave  covered  a  space  6  feet  by  4  feet  and  extended 
down  to  the  skeleton  which  was  very  much  broken  but  not  decom- 
posed. No  objects  other  than  some  charcoal  were  found  in  this  grave. 
All  the  other  graves  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  Wenas  Creek  seem  to 
have  been  rifled. 

202-8198.  Broken  ulna  of  a  deer  found  at  the  mouth  of  ^^'enas  Creek  about  7  miles 
north  of  North  Yakima. 


Numbers  202-8199  to  202-8204  were  found  on  the  siirfare  at  the  mouth 
of  Wenas  Creek. 
202-8199.     SiBall  chipped  point  made  of  red  jasper. 
202-8200a-c.     Three  chipped  points  made  of  white  chert. 
202-8201.     Broken  and  burned  chipped  point  made  of  white  chert. 
202-8202.     Broken  triangular  chipped  point  made  of  white  chert. 
202-8203.     Chipped  point  made  of  reddish  white  chert  (Plate  ii.  Fig.  13). 
202-8204  a,  b.     Two  chip])ed  pieces  of  white  chalcedony. 

Numbers  2()2-820r>a-(!  to  202-8206f  were  fo'.md  in  the  \alley  of  Wenas 
Creek,  on  the  surface  near  where  the  trail  from  North  Yakima  to 
Ellensburg  crosses  the  creek,  about  7  miles  north  of  North  Yakima. 

202-8205a-e.     Five  pieces  of  agate  of  reddish  or  amlx-r  color. 

202-8205f.     Agate  of  whitish  color 

202-8206a.     A  chip  of  stone. 

202-8206b-e.     Four  pieces  of  stone. 

202-82()6f.     Chip  of  stone. 

Numbers  202-8207  to  202-8209  were  fovmd  on  the  surface  at  the  mouth 
of  Wenas  Creek. 


1910.]  Siriith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  163 

202-8207.     Pestle  made  of  stone. 

202-8208.     Pestle  made  of  stone. 

202-8209.     Broken  pebble,  battered  on  the  side. 

202-8210.  Fragment  of  a  pestle  made  of  stone  of  nearly  square  cross  section. 
Found  on  the  surface  three  miles  north  of  Clemen's  ranch,  on  Wenas 
Creek  where  the  trail  from  North  Yakima  to  Ellensburg  crosses. 

202-8211.  Pestle  found  about  28  miles  north  of  North  Yakima,  on  the  trail  to 
Ellensbuig.  It  was  in  a  dry  creek  in  "Kittitass"  Canon.  This 
canon  is  probably  the  Manastash  not  the  "Kittitass,"  as  we  were 
told. 

Ellensburg. 

202-8212.  Base  of  a  triangular  chipped  point  made  of  jasper  found  on  the  surface 
near  the  town  reservoir  on  the  ridge  east  of  Ellensburg. 

Numbers  202-8213  to  202-8222  were  found  on  the  surface  of  the  bottom 
land  west  of  Cherry  Creek,  near  Ellensburg.  The  place  was  a  village 
site  and  is  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Bull  near  where  an  east  and  west  road 
crosses  the  creek,  and  opposite  where  the  creek  touches  on  the  east, 
the  west  base  of  the  upland.  At  this  point  the  creek  comes  up  to 
the  upland  from  the  lowland  to  the  north  (p.  12). 

202-8213.     Chipped  boulder. 

202-8214.     Notched  boulder,  or  net  sinker. 

202-8215.     Battered  pebble. 

202-8216.     Four  burned  stones. 

202-8217.     Gritstone,  probably  a  whetstone. 

202-8218.     Pebble. 

202-8219.     TTnio  shells. 

202-8220.     Six  chips. 

202-8221.     Scraper  chipped  from  chalcedony  (Fig.  52). 

202-8222.  Chipped  point  of  heart  shape  made  of  clove  brown  jasper.  (Plate  ii, 
Fig.  12). 

Grave  No.  30.  Stone  circle  located  on  the  crest  of  a  western  extension  of  the  Saddle 
Mountains  on  Mr.  Bull's  farm,  east  of  Cherry  Creek  and  about  seven 
miles  south  of  Ellensburg.  The  place  is  east  of  the  village  site  above- 
mentioned  which  is  on  the  bottom  land  along  the  west  side  of  the 
creek  at  this  point.  A  circular  ring  of  stones,  10  feet  in  diameter 
marked  the  grave.  Smaller  stones  and  earth  in  the  middle  extended 
3  feet  6  inches  down  to  the  skeleton.  No  objects  were  found  except 
a  plentiful  supply  of  charcoal. 

99-4325.  The  bones  of  an  adult  human  skeleton  which  appeared  as  if  it  had  been 
flexed  were  found  very  much  out  of  anatomical  order.  It  lay  north- 
east and  southwest  in  the  southeast  part  of  the  grave.  There  was  a 
large  hole  in  the  right  frontal  of  the  skull  which  lay  facing  the  north- 
west. The  lower  jaw  was  found  on  top  of  the  skull  with  its  angle 
east.     Fragments  of  the  tibice  were  blackened  by  fire. 

Grave  No.  31 .  Rock-slide  grave  located  in  the  rock-slide  on  the  west  side  of  the  bluff, 
a  western  extension  of  the  S;uldle  .Mountains,  east  of  Cherry  Creek 


164 


Anthropnlngical  Papers  An^eriran   Museum  of  Natural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 


and  about  half  a  mile  southwest  of  Mr.  Bull's  house.  One  small 
piece  of  decayed  wood  was  found  projecting  above  the  rock-slide, 
and  it  was  the  only  indication  of  the  grave,  there  being  no  cavity 
over  it.  Among  the  rocks,  four  more  posts  were  found,  one  at  each 
corner  of  the  grave.  These  had  evidently  rotted  off  even  with  the 
surface,  having  formerly,  no  doubt,  extended  above  it.  The  depth 
of  the  grave  was  from  2  to  3  feet,  according  to  the  slope  of  the  hill. 
Numbers  99-4326  and  202-8223  to  202-8228  were  found  in  this  grave. 

99-4326.  Skeleton  of  a  child  with  anchylosed  neck  vertebrae.  Some  of  the  bones 
were  bleached.  The  bones  were  very  much  displaced,  the  skull 
being  fountl  in  the  middle  of  the  grave  and  some  of  the  vertebrae 
being  found  near  the  surface,  but  most  of  the  bones  were  around  the 
skull.  The  body  dressed  and  wrapped  in  matting  had  been  placed 
between  four  large  boulders. 

202-8223.     Fragments  of  leather  or  skin  clothing. 

202-8224.     Dentalium  shells. 

202-8225.     Glass  beads. 

202-8226.     Three  bracelets  made  of  iron  (Fig.  96). 

202-8227.     A  bone  disk  with  central  perforation  (Fig.  80). 

202-8228.     A  bit  of  a  fresh  water  shell. 

Grave  No.  32.  Rock-slide  grave  located  about  30  feet  south  s-outhwest  of  grave 
No.  31  and  in  the  same  rock-slide.  It  had  the  same  characteristics 
but  had  evidently  been  disturbed,  the  skull  being  missing.  No 
artifacts  were  found  in  the  grave. 

99-4327.  Adult  skeleton  without  skull  and  some  bones  of  a  little  child.  The  bones 
of  an  adult  were  found  in  a  heap  except  the  vertebrae  which  lay 
extended  full  length;  cervical  vertebrae  to  the  north.  The  bones  of 
one  ankle,  a  tibia,  and  fibula  were  diseased.  The  cer\dcal  vertebrae 
are  anchylosed:  and  one  of  the  ribs  is  abnormal.  The  bones  of  the 
knees  are  partly  bleached.  The  bones  of  the  child  being  found 
between  the  ribs  and  the  pelvis  suggest  that  it  was  foetal. 


Grave  No.  33.  Rock-slide  grave  located  40  feet  south  southwest  from  grave  No.  31 
in  the  same  rock-slide  with  it.  There  was  nothing  on  the  surface  to 
indicate  this  grave,  but  below  the  surface  of  the  slide  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  grave,  were  three  rows  of  sticks,  about  3  feet  long,  standing 
vertically  and  close  to  each  other.  These  seemed  to  be  so  placed  that 
they  would  prevent  the  slide  from  further  movement  towards  the 
grave.  The  grave  cavity  was  5  feet  south  southeast  by  4  feet  east 
northeast  and  4  feet  deep  on  one  side,  3  feet  on  the  other,  or  averaging 
about  3J  feet  deep,  and  extending  into  the  soil  below  the  slide. 
Numbers  99-4328  and  202-8229  to  202-8230  were  found  in  this  grave. 

99—4328.  In  the  bottom  of  the  grave  the  skeleton  of  a  youth  was  found.  It  was  in 
good  condition,  lying  on  its  back,  facing  west,  but  luiving  rolled 
westward.  The  legs  were  flexed  so  that  the  femora  lay  at  right 
angles  or  to  the  southeast  of  the  pelvis,  and  the  tibiae  and  fibulae  lay 
parallel  to  them.  The  arms  lay  extended  at  the  sides  of  the  body 
with   the  hands  on   tlie   pelvis.     Three  of  tli(>  arm  bones  and  one 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley.  165 

pelvis  bone  are  stained  by  copper.     The  tibia  of  a  child  was  found 

with  these. 
202-8229.     Mat  of  twined  rushes  found  under  the  pelvis.     The  rushes  were  stitched 

together  in  pairs  with  cord  and  each  pair  was  twisted  once  between 

each  stitch   (Fig.   71). 
202-8230.     Open  twine  matting  of  rushes  held  together  with  cords  woven  around 

them,  skin  with  hair  on  it,  and  in  this  were  copper  beads  strung  with 

beads  made  of  dentalium  shells  on  a  leather  thong  (Fig.  72). 

Grave  No.  34.  Rock-slide  grave  found  5  feet  south  southwest  of  grave  No.  32. 
There  were  no  surface  indications  of  the  grave.  Posts  of  decayed 
wood  were  found  extending  from  the  surface  down  to  about  6  inches 
from  the  bottom.  The  tops  appeared  to  have  been  cut  off  and  proba- 
bly never  extended  above  the  surface.  Numbers  99-4329  and  202- 
8231  to  202-8246  were  found  in  this  grave. 

99-4329.  The  skeleton  of  a  young  child  with  a  persistent  frontal  suture  was  found 
at  a  depth  of  from  3  to  4  feet  with  the  head  east,  trunk  on  back, 
femora  at  right  angles  to  tibiae,  and  fibulae  parallel  to  them,  flexed 
to  left  or  south. 

202-8231.     Skin  with  the  hair  on  found  on  body. 

202-8232.     Matting. 

202-8233.  Several  rows  of  beads,  some  of  copper,  others  of  glass  and  still  others  of 
sections  of  dentalium  shells  were  found  at  the  neck,  arms  and  legs. 
These  are  strung  on  pieces  of  thong,  some  of  which  are  wound  at  the 
ends.  Some  of  them  are  on  coarse  twisted,  and  others  on  fine  twisted 
plant  fibre  (Fig.  74). 

202-8234a,  b.  Two  pendants  made  of  haliotis  shell  were  found,  one  near  the  head 
and  one  at  the  pelvis  (Fig.  91). 

202-8235a,  b.  Two  copper  pendants  were  found  at  the  legs,  b  has  a  thong  in  the 
perforation. 

202-8236a-d.     Four  bracelets  made  of  copper  found  on  the  arms  (Fig.  95). 

202-8237.     Teeth  of  a  rodent  found  in  the  grave. 

202-8238.  A  square  pendant  made  of  copper  with  a  thong  and  bead  made  of  copper 
(Fig.  78). 

202-8239.     A  pendant  made  of  copper  (Fig.  83). 

202-8240.     A  bit  of  wood  bounding  a  knot  hole. 

202-8241.     Two  dentalium  shells. 

202-8242.     A  piece  of  iron. 

202-8243.  Woodpecker  feathers,  some  bound  at  the  tips  with  fabric,  one  with 
feather,  and  fur  or  moss. 

202-8244.  A  copper  ornament  found  among  the  rocks  over  this  grave  about  1  foot 
deep. 

202-8245.  A  pendant  made  of  brass  with  thong  and  bead  made  of  copper  found 
among  the  rocks  over  this  grave  about  1  foot  deep  (Fig.  84). 

202-8246.     A  pendant  made  of  copper  with  thong  found  about  1  foot  deep  among 

the  rocks  over  this  grave  (Fig.  82). 

* 

Grave  No.  35.  Rock-slide  grave  located  in  the  same  slide  with  Nos.  31,  32,  33  and 
34,  8  feet  to  the  south  southwest  of  No.  34.  The  grave  was  3  feet  in 
diameter  by  4  feet  deep.     Four  posts  of  poplar  were  found  at  the 


166  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  Ilistori/.    [Vol.  VI, 

coniLTs  of  this  f;;ravc  but  these  did  not  show  above  the  surface  being 
decayed  down  to  within  6  or  8  inches  of  the  ground  under  the  rock- 
shde.  Sticks  had  also  been  used  to  mark  this  grave  on  the  surface. 
Numbers  99-4330  and  202-8247  to  202-8249  were  found  in  this  grave. 

99-4330.  The  skeleton  of  a  youth  was  found  resting  on  its  back  with  the  head  ta 
the  east,  arms  at  the  sides,  legs  flexed  at  right  angles,  i.  e.,  to  the 
north.  Two  buttons,  one  of  bone  and  one  of  pearl,  or  shell,  and  a 
bridle  bit  Avore  found  in  the  grave,  but  were  discarded. 

202-8247.     A  bit  of  shell. 

202-8248.     Thirteen  cones  made  of  iron  (Fig.  86). 

202-8249.     Two  pendants  made  of  iron  (Fig.  85). 

Grave  No.  36.  A  rock-enclosure  burial  located  on  the  hill  south  of  Mr.  Bull's  house 
near  the  gap  south  of  EUensburg  and  about  300  feet  north  of  grave 
No.  30.  This  burial  was  the  southwestern  of  a  group  of  eight,  all  very 
close  together  anil  of  which  the  southern  circular  enclosure  of  five 
had  been  rifled  although  the  three  oblong  enclosures  were  intact. 
There  were  traces  of  human  bones  in  all  of  the  eight  enclosures.  The 
enclosure  to  the  north  contained  a  skeleton  that  had  been  burned. 
No.  36  differed  from  No.  30  in  that  the  stones  did  not  extend  below 
the  surface. 

99-4331.  At  a  depth  of  3  feet,  in  the  grave  pit  5  feet  by  3  feet  was  the  skeleton  of 
an  adult  lying  with  the  head  north,  face  east,  on  the  left  side,  arms 
extemled  to  pelvis,  legs  flexed  to  left,  i.  e.,  to  east.  No  specimens 
were  found  in  this  enclosure. 

Grave  No.  37.     A  rock-slide  grave  was  located  about  10  feet  west  of  grave  No.  35 

and  was  similar  to  it  in  general  character.     Numbers  99-4332  and 

202-82,50  to  202-8258  were  found  in  this  grave. 
99-4332.     The  very  much  decomposed  skeleton  of  a  child  was  foiuid  here.     The. 

broken  skull  was  preserved. 
202-82.50a,  b.     Two  fragments  of  antler,  perhaps  part  of  an  implement  found  about 

1   inch  above  the  pelvis. 
202-8251.     A  triangular  copper  object  with  two  perforations  found  insitle  the  skull. 
202-8252.     A  pendant  or  nose  ornament  made  of  haliotis  shell  and  stained  pink  in 

places  found  on  the  lower  jaw  (Fig.  92). 
202-8253.     Dentaliuin  shells. 

202-8254.     A  long  shell  pendant  with  two  perforations. 
202-8255.     A  pendant  made  of  haliotis  shell  bearing  a  pink  stain  with  a  perforatioi> 

and  part  of  a  second  perforation  (Fig.  90). 
202-8256.     A  long  shell  pendant  with  one  perforation. 
202-8257a,  b.     Two  triangular  objects  made  of  shell. 
202-8258.     Piieces  of  shell  found  near  the  lower  jaw. 

Priest  Rapids. 

202-8259.  One  pebble  showing  use  at  the  end  as  a  peslle.  Found  on  the  surface 
of  the  divide  25  miles  east  of  Ellensljurg,  and  about  15  miles  west  of 
Mr.  Craig's  house  near  ihc  licad  of  Priest  Rapids. 


1910.]  Smith,  The  Yakima  Valley,  167 

■202-8260a,  b.  Pieces  of  a  pestle  made  of  part  of  a  column  of  basalt,  with  the  corners 
rounded  by  pecking.  Found  on  the  surface  at  the  head  of  Priest 
Rapids  on  the  west  side  of  the  river. 

202-8261.  A  pestle  made  by  rounding  the  edges  of  a  piece  of  a  basaltic  column. 
Found  on  the  surface  of  the  west  bank  of  the  Columbia  River  8  miles 
above  Mr.  Craig's  house,  which  is  at  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids. 

Numbers  202-8262  to  202-8266  were  found  on  the  surface  near  the  head 

of  Priest  Rapids. 
•202-8262.     A  pestle  or  part  of  a  pestle. 

■202-8263.     A  river  pebble  partly  pecked  into  the  form  of  a  pestle  (Fig.  22). 
202-8264.     The  end  of  a  pestle  having  a  large  striking  head. 
202-8265.     Part  of  a  stone  pestle. 

202-8266.     Pestle  formed  by  rounding  the  corners  of  a  small  basaltic  column. 
202-8267.     Numbers  202-8267  to  202-8290  are  pestles  made  of  stone  found  on  the 

to  surface  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids  (Fig.  21,  202-8281). 

202-8290. 

Numbers  202-8291  to  202-8295  were  found  on  the  surface  near  the  head 

of  Priest  Rapids. 
202-8291.     Part  of  a  pestle  made  of  stone. 
202-8292a.     A  pebble  battered  on  each  end  (Fig.  41). 
202-8292b.     Pebble,  one  side  of  which  has  been  used  as  a  mortar. 
202-8293.     Part  of  a  mortar  made  of  stone. 
202-8294.     Part  of  a  mortar. 
202-8295.     Disk-shaped  boulder,  one  side  of  which  is  notched  opposite  a  natural 

notch.     Possibly  this  has  been  a  net  sinker  similar  to  the  following. 

Numbers  202-8296  to  202-8334  were  found  on  the  surface  of  the  bank 

of  the  Columbia  River  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids. 
202-8296.     River  pebble.     Such  pebbles  were  made  into  sinkers  for  fish  nets.     See 

202-8310  and  adjacent  catalogue  niunbers  (Fig.  13a). 
202-8297.     Scraper  or  knife  made  of  a  river  pebble  one  side  of  which  is  chipped 

(Fig.  55). 
202-8298.     River  pebble  of  disk  shape,  partly  chipped. 
202-8299.     River  pebble  of  disk  shape,  partly  chipped  on  two  edges. 
202-8300.     River  pebble  of  disk  shape,  partly  chipped  on  one  edge. 
202-8301.     River  pebble  of  disk  shape,  partly  chipped  on  two  edges. 
202-8302.     River  pebble  of  disk  shape,  partly  chipped  on  four  edges  (Fig.  53). 
202-8303.     River  pebble,  partly  chipped. 

202-8304.     River  pebble  of  disk  shape,  chipped  around  the  edge  from  one  side  only. 
202-8305.     Disk-shaped  river  pebble,  chipped  aroumi  the  edge  from  both  sides. 
202-8306.     Disk-shaped  river  pebble,  chipped  in  two  places,  opposite  each  other 

from  both  sides,  and  at  a  place  equi-di  slant  from  these  two  from  only 

one  side. 
202-8307.     Scraper  or  knife  chipped  from  a  pebble  (Fig.  54). 
202-8308.     Chipped  pebble. 


202-8309 

to 
202-8322. 


Numbers  202-8309  to  202-8322  are  oblong  flat  river  pebbles  with  a 
notch  chipped  in  the  edge  at  each  end  from  both  sides.  They  an; 
probably  sinkers  for  fish  nets.  (202-8313,  see  Fig.  13c;  202-8318, 
see  Fig.  13^). 


168  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Xatural  History.    [Vol.  VI, 

202-8323 

Xumlicrs  202-8323  to  202-8325  are  oval  flat  river  pebbles  with  pieces 

909  8*^9 "  elii]ipeil  from  the  edges  in  several  places. 

202-8326.     Flat  oval  river  pebble  with  pieces  chipped  from  both  sides  of  the  edge 

at  five  places,  probably  a  sinker  for  a  fish  net. 
202-8327.     Flat  disk-shaped  pebl)le  with  four  notches  about  eqvii-distant  around 

the  edge,  and  chipped  from  each  side,  probably  a  sinker  for  a  fish  net. 
202-8328.     Oval  river  pebble  with  four  notches  chipped  in  the  edge  nearly  equi- 
distant from  each  other,  probably  a  sinker  for  a  fish  net. 
202-8329.     Oval  flat  river  pebble  with  four  notches  ciiipped  in  the  edge  from  both 

sides,  and  about  equi-distant  from  each  other,  probably  a  sinker  for  a 

fish  net. 
202-8330.     Oval  flat  river  pebble  with  four  notches  chipped  in  the  edge  from  both 

sides,  and  about  equi-distant  from  each  other,  probably  a  sinker  for  a 

fish  net  (Fig.  \3d). 
202-8331.     Half  of  a  stone  ring,  probably  a  sinker  for  a  fish  net. 
202-8332.     Boulder  in  which  groove  is  partly  pecked,  probably  a  net  sinker  or  anchor. 
202-8333.     Large  chip})ed  implement  made  of  basalt  (Plate  i.  Fig.  1). 
202-833-i.     Large  chipped  form  made  of  white  chert  (Plate  I,  Fig.  3). 

Numbers  202-8335  to  202-8383  were  foimd  on  the  surface  near  the  head 
of  Priest  Rapids. 

202-8335.  Chipped  form. 

202-8336.  Chipped  form  of  white  chalcedony  (Fig.  3). 

202-8337.  Chipped  form. 

202-833S.  Chipped  form  made  of  red  jasper  (Plate  i,  Fig.  2). 
202-8339 

to  Numbers  202-8339  to  202-8344  are  chipped  forms. 
202-S344. 

202-8345.  Basal  half  of  a  chipped  point. 

202-8346.  Half  of  a  chipped  form. 

202-8347.  Point  of  a  chipped  form. 

202-8348.  Part  of  a  chipped  form. 
202-8349 

to  Numbers  202-8349  to  202-8354  are  points  of  chipped  forms. 
202-8354. 

202-8355.  Triangular  chipped  point. 

202-8356.  Triangular  chipped  point. 

202-8357.  Chipped  form. 

202-83.58.  Cliii)ped  point. 

202-8359.  Chipped  point  made  of  brown  horn  stone  (Plate  II,  Fig.  11). 

202-8360.  Triangular  chipped  point  made  of  pale  yellow  chalcedony.     The  chalce- 
dony is  flint-like  in  texture  (Plate  ii.  Fig.  14). 

202-8361.  Chip]K'd  point  made  of  yellow  agate  (Plate  ii,  Fig.  10). 

202-8362.  Chipped  point. 

202-8363.  Chipped  point  made  of  pale  fulvous  chalcedony  (Plate  ii,  Fig.  8). 

202-8.364.  Chipped  arrow,  knife  or  spear  point  made  of  clialcedony  (Fig.  2). 

202-8365.  Chipped  arrow,  spear  or  knife  point. 

202-8366.  Chipped  arrow  point  made  of  pale  fulvous  chalcedony  (Plate  il,  Fig.  7). 


1910.]  Smilh,  The  Yakima  Valley.  169 

202-8367.     Chipped  arrow  point. 

202-8368.     Chipped  ari-ow  point   made  of   opaline  whitish   chalcedony  (Plate  II, 

Fig.  9). 
202-8369.     Chipped  arrow  point  made  of  chalcedony  (Fig.  1). 
202-8370.     Point  for  a  drill  chipped  from  chert  (Fig.  48). 
202-8371.     Scraper  chipped  from  petrified  wood  (Fig.  49). 
202-8372.     Scraper  chipped  from  agate  (Fig.  50). 
202-8373.     Scraper  chipped  from  chalcedony  (Fig.  51). 
202-8374.     Chipped  piece  of  chalcedony. 
202-8375.     Chipped  piece  of  petrified  wood. 
202-8376.     Flake  of  stone. 
202-8377.     Flake  of  stone. 

202-8378a.     Piece  of  antler  showhig  knife  marks. 
202-8378b.     Part  of  a  wedge  made  of  antler 
202-8379.     A  piece  of  antler  that  has  been  whittled. 
202-8380a,  b,  c.     Three  pieces  of  antler. 

202-8381.     Bleached  barb  for  a  fish  spear  made  of  bone  (Fig.  12). 
202-8382.     Six  clam  shells  from  the  Columbia  River. 

202-8383.     Seventeen  clam  shells  from  the  old  shell  bed  shown  in  Plate  v,  Fig.  1. 
202-8384.     Four  shell  disks  found  among  the  refuse  of  a  rock-slide  grave  near  the 

head  of  Priest  Rapids  (Fig.  76). 
202-8385.     One  dentalium  shell  found  among  the  refuse  of  a  rock-slide  grave  near 

the  head  of  Priest  Rapids. 
202-8386.     Pendant  made  of  haliotis  shell,  triangular  in  form,  perforated  at  the 

most  acute  corner.     This  shell  came  from  the  Pacific  Coast.     Found 

in  the  grave  of  a  child  in  a  rock-slide  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids 

west  of  the  Columbia  River  near  the  home  of  Mr.  Craig  (Fig.  89). 

Numbers  202-8387  to  202-8390  were  also  found  here. 
202-8387a,  b,  c,  d.     Vertebrae  of  a  fish. 
202-8388.     Pendant  made  of  a  shell  probably  a  young  Pectunculus  gigantea.     The 

hinge  side  has  been  smoothed  off  (Fig.  88). 
202-8389.     Three  dentalium  shells. 
202-8390.     Twenty-eight  shell  disks  or  beads. 

Grave  No.  38.  A  rock-slide  grave  located  on  the  east  side  of  the  escarpment  that 
runs  south  to  the  Columbia  River  about  two  miles  southwest  of  Mr. 
Craig's  house  near  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids.  Stones  were  heaped 
up  over  this  grave  and  sticks  about  6  feet  long  were  standing  up  and 
extended  from  the  earth  above  the  skeleton  to  3  feet  above  the  sur- 
face. Numbers  99-4333  and  202-8391  to  202-8392  were  found  in  the 
grave. 

99-4333.  An  adult  skeleton  was  found  at  a  depth  of  3  feet  from  the  top  of  the  rock 
heap.  The  head  was  east.  The  skeleton  was  flexed  and  it  was  lying 
on  the  left  side. 

202-8391.  Stitched  rush  matting,  probably  recent,  found  in  contact  with  the  skin 
on  this  skeleton  (Fig.  70).     Part  was  of  the  stitch  shown  in  Fig.  71. 

202-8392.     A  roll  of  birch  bark. 

Grave  No.  39.  Grave  of  a  child  near  grave  No.  38.  This  child's  grave  was  of  the 
same  kind  as  grave  No.  38. 

202-8393.     Pendant  or  bead  made  of  sea  shell  (Fig.  87) 


170  Anthropological  Papers  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     [Vol.  VI, 

Grave  No.  40.  A  rock-slide  grave  found  8  miles  above  Mr.  Craig's  house  in  a  small 
slide  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff.  Upright  cedar  slabs  about  8  feet  long 
were  found  along  about  6  feet  of  the  lower  part  of  the  grave.  The 
skeleton  of  an  arkilt  lay  flexed  along  the  slabs  with  the  head  to  the 
north. 

99-4334.     The  skull. 

Several  similar  graves,  most  of  which  have  been  rifled,  were  seen  at  this 
place. 

Grave  No.  41.  Grave  found  about  5  miles  south  of  Mr.  Craig's  house  on  the  western 
bank  of  the  Columbia.  It  was  in  the  sand,  covered  with  flat  river 
boulders.     No  artifacts  were  found  in  the  grave. 

99-4335.  Adult  skeleton,  bleached.  Much  of  the  skeleton  was  found  exposed  and 
parts  were  missing.     The  head  was  north. 

Grave  No.  42.  Boulder-covered  grave  in  sand  was  located  at  the  edge  of  the  river 
12  miles  up  the  Columbia  from  Mr.  Craig's  house.  Numbers  99-4336 
and  202-8394  to  202-8395  were  found  in  this  grave. 

99-4336.  An  adult  skeleton  was  found  in  this  grave  with  the  head  north,  face  down, 
and  flexed. 

202-8394     Fragment  of  a  large  mortar  made  of  stone  (Fig.  18). 

202-8395a,  b,  c.     Three  pestles  found  among  the  covering  boulders  of  this  grave. 

Numbers  202-8396  to  202-8398  were  presented  by  Mrs.  J.  B.  Davidson 

of  EUensburg.     The  specimens  were  collected  at  the  head  of  Priest 

Rapids. 
202-8396.     Pipe  made  of  limestone  decorated  with  the  circle  and  dot  design  similar 

to  that  used  in  the  Thompson  River  region  (Fig.  106  also  negative 

44505,  6-6). 
202-8397.     Double  notched  point  chipped  from  black  glassy  basalt  or  trap  (Plate  ii, 

Fig.  6). 
202-8398.     Point  for  a  drill  or  perforator  chipped  from  chalcedony  (Fig.  47). 

202-8399.  River  pebble  partly  pecked  into  the  form  of  a  pestle.  Found  on  the 
surface  8  miles  above  the  head  of  Priest  Rapids  (Fig.  23) . 

Various  Localities. 

Numbers  20.0-1463  to  20.0-1471  were  collected  and  presented  by  Mr 

D.  W.  Owen  of  Konnewick. 
20.0-1463.     Bone  object  broken  and  partly  missing  from  Blalock   Island    fifteen 

miles  below  Umatilla  in  the  C  olumbia  River. 
20.0-1464.     Wedge  made  of  antler  from  the  surface  near  the  Columbia  River  near 

the  mouth  of  the  Snake  River  (Fig.  39). 
•20.0-1465.     Bleached  awl  made  of  bone  from  an  island  in  the  Columbia  River,  forty 

miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Snake  River  (Fig.  57). 
20.0-1466.     Bleached  awl  made  of  bone  from  the  surface  of  an  island  in  tlic  (\)lumbia 

River  near  the  mouth  of  the  Snake  River  (Fig.  56). 
20.0-1467.     Awl  made  of  brownish  bone  nearly  circular  in  section  with  five  incised 

lines  on  two  sides,  four  on  one,  and  none  on  the  other  which  is  plain 


1910.]  Smith,   The  Yakima  Valley.  171 

because  worn  smooth  probably  by  age  or  use.     From  a  grave  on 

Blalock  Island,  a  long  island  in  the  Columbia  River  fifteen  miles  below 

Umatilla. 
20.0-1468.     Awl  made  of  brownish  bone.     The  shaft  has  nearly  parallel  sides  and 

rounded  corners  but  the  base  is  nearly  circular  in  section.     Striations 

such  as  are  made  by  a  gritstone  show  on  the  surface.     Found  with 

another  in  a  grave  on  an  island  in  the  Snake  River  five  miles  above  its 

mouth  (Fig.  10). 
20.0-1469.     Sculptured  arm  with  hand  made  of  black  slate  having  four  nearly 

parallel  sides  and  rounded  corners.     From  Umatilla,  Oregon. 
20.0-1470.     Pipe  made  of  sandstone  bearing  design.     From  the  Snake  River  Indians 

(Figs.  107  and  115). 
20.0-1471.     Sculptured  handle  broken  from  a  club  made  of  serpentine.     The  broken 

surface  is  smooth.     There  are  notches  J  inch  long  on  the  edge.     From 

Blalock  Island  opposite  Umatilla  in  the  Columbia  Valley  (Fig.  167h, 

Smith,  (b).). 
20.0-3343.     Fluted   stone,   possibly  an   unfinished    pestle.     From  near  Lewiston, 

Idaho.     Presented  by  Mr.  Henry  Fair,  Spokane,  Idaho. 

Numbers    20.0-3344    to  20.0-3346    are    from  an  old  village  site  near 
Fort  Simcoe.     Collected  by  Dr.  H.  J.  Spinden. 
20.0-3344.     Mortar. 
20.0-3345.     Pestle. 
20.0-3346.     Pestle. 

T-21184  (H-180).  Fragment  of  a  leaf-shaped  point  made  of  chert.  From  Wallula 
near  the  Columbia  River,  Oregon.  Collected  by  Judge  James  Ken- 
nedy in  1882  (Fig.  6). 

T-22107  (H-177).  Fragments  of  a  figure  made  of  antler.  From  Umatilla,  Oregon. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  James  Terry  (Fig.  123). 


Anthrop,  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VJ,  Plate  I. 


I 


Chipped  Points. 
(Page  24) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  II. 


m 


riiii'PKD   Point,-;. 
U'age  25) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  III. 


1 


'^■t'^j-' 


^'^-  .--"i»^,t  r.  -c-  ■<-c*/jiV-?*!' '-  ^^■ 


^^^S^5 


f?^ 


K?^j«^s*sr 


VP'-H-' 


-r-  i*^**  .  -.^  M 


.''SP^'flT!' 


^^^^#*f' V..;^ 


Quarry  near  Naches  River. 
(Page  16) 


House  Site  near  Naches  River. 
(Page  51) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  IV, 


r" 


■^^•/^:*>:^,jk 


'^'' 


k-. 


:-jL-  _.- 


House  Sites  near  Naches  River. 
(Page  52) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  V. 


■     '"Nta.... 


'--^Ssri.y^^. 


Camp  Sites  near  Sentinal  Bluffs. 
(Page  56) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Pl.\te  VI. 


FcRr  NE.\R  Rock  Creek. 


Rock-Sliue  Grave  on  Yakima  Kiuge. 
(Page  14) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  VII. 


.....^if^z 


/^. 


^^->-*^^;.:g;^^-^^' 


\- 


>^ 


i>^-'  ..^.:i^ 


)*.•,• 
T*^ 


Terraced  Rcck-Slide  on  Yakima  Ridck. 
(Page  141) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  \IU. 


;*3'S?*^'-<  „  rac 


-<5p 


^#^v  ^-Ma  -.^^^m;^ 


5%.> 


RuCK-8l1I)E    (iltAVES    ON     \'aKIMA     UlDGE. 

(Page  140) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  IX. 


Cremation  Circle  near  Mouth  of  Naches  River. 

(Page  142) 


(Irave  in   Dome  of  Volcanic  Ash  near    Tampico. 
(Page  139) 


Antheop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  X. 


Opened  Grave  in  Dome  of  Volcanic  Ash  neak  Tampico. 

(Page  139) 


u 

< 


►J 
O 
> 


b 
fe 


J 


<! 

CD 


w 

3.' 

o 
a 


< 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  XII 


Petkoglyphs  in  Rki.ah  Canon. 
(Page  122) 


Anthhop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  Plate  XIII 


Petroglyfh    in  Selah  Canon. 
(Page  123) 


Petroglyph  near  Wallula  Junction. 
(Page  123) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


VoT,.  VI,  Plate  XIV. 


PiCTOGRAPHS    AT    MoUTH    OF    CoWICHE    CrEEK. 

(Page  119) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol..  VI,  Pl.vte  XV. 


PlCTO(!KAril^     AT    Mdl'TH    OF    COWICHK    CrEF.K. 

(Pago  120) 


Anthrop.  Pap.  A.  M.  N.  H. 


Vol.  VI,  PL.\Tr:  XVI. 


liOVVVb^'^ 


PiCTOGRAPHS   AT   MoUTH    OF   CoWICHE   CrF.EK. 
(Page   120) 


\  I 


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